Aim

The aim of this experiment is to analyze the performance characteristics of a BJT differential amplifier and fundamental gain stages of an Op-Amp.

Objectives

The objectives of the experiment focus on understanding and analyzing the characteristics of differential amplifiers and operational amplifiers.

Apparatus Required

This section lists all the necessary equipment and components needed for conducting experiments on BJT differential amplifiers and operational amplifiers.

Theory And Fundamentals

This section covers the essential principles and operations of differential amplifiers and operational amplifiers, focusing on their performance characteristics and gain stages.

The Bjt Differential Amplifier

This section covers the essential principles and characteristics of BJT differential amplifiers, including their construction, measurement of differential and common-mode gain, and the concept of Common Mode Rejection Ratio (CMRR).

Basic Operation And Circuit Structure

This section covers the fundamental operation and circuit structure of a BJT differential amplifier, including its components and behavior.

Input Signal Modes

This section explains the response of a differential amplifier to differential and common-mode input signals, detailing how these inputs affect amplifier performance.

Differential Gain (A_d)

Differential Gain (A_d) is a key performance characteristic of a BJT differential amplifier, indicating how well it amplifies the difference between two input signals.

Common-Mode Gain (A_cm)

Common-mode gain (A_cm) measures the output from a differential amplifier in response to common-mode input signals, highlighting its imperfections in rejecting unwanted signals.

Common Mode Rejection Ratio (Cmrr)

CMRR measures a differential amplifier's effectiveness in rejecting common-mode signals while amplifying differential ones.

Input Common Mode Range (Icmr)

The Input Common Mode Range (ICMR) specifies the range of common-mode input voltages for which a differential amplifier maintains linear operation.

Operational Amplifiers (Op-Amps)

This section explores the fundamental concepts and configurations of operational amplifiers, focusing on their internal structure and gain stages.

Internal Op-Amp Stages (Conceptual)

This section explores the internal structure of operational amplifiers, detailing the function of key stages in terms of performance and signal processing.

Basic Op-Amp Gain Stages (With Negative Feedback)

This section discusses the fundamental gain stages of operational amplifiers (Op-Amps) with an emphasis on inverting and non-inverting configurations using negative feedback.

Inverting Amplifier

The inverting amplifier is a fundamental operational amplifier configuration that provides a negative voltage gain while ensuring low output impedance.

Non-Inverting Amplifier

The Non-Inverting Amplifier configuration allows for amplification of an input signal directly applied to the non-inverting terminal of an operational amplifier, providing a positive gain without any phase inversion.

Bandwidth Of Op-Amp Gain Stages

This section discusses the bandwidth limitations of operational amplifiers and the concept of Gain-Bandwidth Product (GBW).

Circuit Diagrams

This section focuses on circuit diagrams for BJT differential amplifiers and operational amplifiers (Op-Amps), illustrating their configurations and functionalities.

Procedure

This section outlines the procedural steps for analyzing the performance of differential amplifiers and operational amplifier gain stages.

Part A: Bjt Differential Amplifier Characterization

This section provides an in-depth exploration of the BJT differential amplifier, focusing on its key performance metrics, including differential gain, common-mode gain, CMRR, and more.

Differential Amplifier Design (Dc Biasing)

This section explores the design and operational principles of a BJT differential amplifier, focusing on its DC biasing techniques, performance characteristics, and associated calculations.

Circuit Construction

This section explores the construction and analysis of BJT differential amplifiers and operational amplifier gain stages followed by their performance evaluations.

Dc Q-Point Measurement

This section focuses on the measurement of Q-point in a BJT differential amplifier, addressing the importance of biasing in maintaining transistor operation.

Differential Gain (A_d) Measurement

This section discusses the concept of differential gain measurement in the context of BJT differential amplifiers and operational amplifiers (Op-Amps), explaining their significance in analog circuit design.

Common-Mode Gain (A_cm) Measurement

This section focuses on the measurement of common-mode gain (A_cm) in a BJT differential amplifier, highlighting its significance and calculation methodology.

Cmrr Calculation

This section focuses on the calculation of the Common Mode Rejection Ratio (CMRR) of a differential amplifier, exploring its importance in rejecting common-mode signals while amplifying differential signals.

Part B: Input Common Mode Range (Icmr) Determination

This section explains how to determine the Input Common Mode Range (ICMR) for a BJT differential amplifier.

Setup

The experiment involves analyzing the performance of a BJT differential amplifier and exploring gain stages of an Op-Amp.

Procedure

This section provides detailed procedural steps for analyzing the performance characteristics of a BJT differential amplifier and basic gain stages of an Op-Amp.

Part C: Op-Amp Basic Gain Stages Characterization

This section explores the fundamental gain stages of Operational Amplifiers (Op-Amps) focusing on both inverting and non-inverting configurations.

Op-Amp Power Supply

This section covers the essential components and configurations of power supplies used for operational amplifiers (Op-Amps), emphasizing their importance in ensuring proper operation of analog circuits.

Inverting Amplifier

The inverting amplifier is a popular Op-Amp configuration that inverts an input signal, providing a predictable relationship between output and input voltage.

Non-Inverting Amplifier

The non-inverting amplifier is a key operational amplifier configuration that amplifies input signals without phase inversion, providing high input impedance and precise voltage gain.

Part D: Internal Op-Amp Stages (Conceptual/discussion)

This section explores the internal stages of operational amplifiers (Op-Amps), emphasizing their functions and how they contribute to the Op-Amp's overall performance.

Discussion

This section discusses the analysis and characterization of a BJT differential amplifier and basic Op-Amp configurations, focusing on key metrics such as differential gain and CMRR.

Identification

This section focuses on the BJT differential amplifier and operational amplifier gain stages, highlighting their functionality and significance in analog circuits.

Observations And Readings

This section discusses the experimental observations and readings for the BJT differential amplifier and operational amplifier gain stages.

Bjt Differential Amplifier Dc Biasing And Design Parameters

This section explores the fundamental operations, design parameters, and measurements associated with BJT differential amplifiers and operational amplifiers (Op-Amps).

Bjt Differential Amplifier Ac Performance

This section focuses on analyzing the AC performance of a BJT differential amplifier, including differential gain, common-mode gain, and Common Mode Rejection Ratio (CMRR).

Input Common Mode Range (Icmr) Of Differential Amplifier

This section explains the Input Common Mode Range (ICMR) of a differential amplifier, its significance, and the conditions that define its limits.

Op-Amp Basic Gain Stages Data

This section explores the principles and measurements related to BJT differential amplifiers and Op-Amp configurations, primarily focusing on gain stages.

Graphs

This section discusses the experimental setup and performance characteristics of a differential amplifier and operational amplifier gain stages.

Calculations

This section discusses the calculations involved in analyzing the performance of differential amplifiers and operational amplifiers, focusing on gain measurements and their significance.

Bjt Differential Amplifier Calculations

This section focuses on the essential calculations related to the performance characteristics of a Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT) differential amplifier.

Op-Amp Basic Gain Stages Calculations

This section discusses the principles and calculations involved in differential amplifiers and basic operational amplifier gain stages.

Results

This section presents the experimental results obtained from the study of differential amplifiers and operational amplifier gain stages.

Discussion And Analysis

This section provides a comprehensive discussion and analysis of the performance characteristics of BJT differential amplifiers and operational amplifiers.

Bjt Differential Amplifier Performance

This section covers the analysis of the performance characteristics of a BJT differential amplifier, emphasizing differential gain, common-mode gain, and Common Mode Rejection Ratio (CMRR), as well as the fundamentals of Operational Amplifier (Op-Amp) gain stages.

Op-Amp Basic Gain Stages

This section explores the fundamental characteristics and functioning of differential amplifiers and operational amplifier gain stages, focusing on gain measurements and configurations.

Internal Op-Amp Stages (Conceptual)

This section explores the internal architecture of operational amplifiers (Op-Amps), focusing on the different stages that contribute to their functionality.

Sources Of Error And Limitations

This section discusses the various sources of error and limitations that can affect experimental results in the context of differential amplifiers and operational amplifiers.

Conclusion

This conclusion summarizes the key insights gained from exploring differential amplifiers and operational amplifiers in the experiment.