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Applied Thermodynamics
Steam turbines convert thermal energy from high-pressure steam into mechanical work, classified into impulse and reaction types based on their operational principles. Pressure and velocity compounding techniques enhance turbine efficiency and manage fluid dynamics within the turbine stages. A combined approach further optimizes design for large pressure drops while maintaining efficiency.
Course Chapters
Combustion and Fuels
This chapter covers the various types of fuels used in combustion processes, including solid, liquid, and gaseous fuels, along with their characteristics. It also explains the stoichiometry and analysis of combustion reactions, the application of the first law of thermodynamics in combustion, methods for calculating heat using enthalpy tables, and the determination of adiabatic flame temperature. Additionally, it discusses chemical equilibrium and the use of Gibbs free energy in analyzing equilibrium composition.
Power and Refrigeration Cycles
The chapter covers various power and refrigeration cycles, detailing the fundamental processes involved in vapor and gas power cycles. Key topics include the Rankine cycle and its modifications, the exergy analysis for efficiency improvement, and the functioning of gas turbine cycles. The chapter also discusses the vapor compression refrigeration cycle and the desirable properties of refrigerants used in these systems.
Psychrometrics and Air Conditioning Processes
The chapter focuses on psychrometrics and air conditioning processes, detailing the properties of dry and moist air, including temperature metrics and humidity measures. It discusses the psychrometric chart's function in depicting air properties and outlines basic air conditioning processes such as heating, cooling, humidification, and dehumidification. Key concepts like dew point and saturation are emphasized for their relevance in HVAC system design and moisture management.
Compressible Flow
Compressible flow involves fluids whose density changes under varying pressure and temperature, primarily applicable to high-velocity gases. Various governing equations, including the continuity, momentum, and energy equations, are essential for analyzing these flows. Key concepts such as stagnation properties, isentropic flow, and choked flow are crucial for understanding flow dynamics in nozzles and diffusers.
Reciprocating Compressors
Reciprocating compressors are positive displacement machines that efficiently compress air or gas using a piston-cylinder system. The chapter details the mechanics of multiple stage compression, emphasizing the benefits of improved thermal control, reduced work input, and increased efficiency. It discusses the optimal pressure ratios for minimal work and the significance of intercooling in enhancing performance, along with the conditions for achieving minimum work in multistage compressors.
Steam Turbines
Steam turbines convert thermal energy from high-pressure steam into mechanical work, classified into impulse and reaction types based on their operational principles. Pressure and velocity compounding techniques enhance turbine efficiency and manage fluid dynamics within the turbine stages. A combined approach further optimizes design for large pressure drops while maintaining efficiency.