CBSE 11 Curriculum

The chapter outlines the contrasting paths of modernization taken by China and Japan in the 19th and 20th centuries. While Japan successfully transitioned into a modern nation-state and industrial power through its embrace of Western practices combined with traditional values, China faced turmoil and struggles, culminating in the Communist Revolution that sought to eradicate inequalities but resulted in a repressive political climate. The chapter emphasizes the importance of historical context and cultural identity in shaping national trajectories.

The chapter discusses the methodological foundations of sociology, focusing on how sociologists gather knowledge and the significance of both qualitative and quantitative methods. It emphasizes the tension between objectivity and subjectivity in social sciences, the importance of reflexivity, and the different approaches like participant observation, surveys, and interviews in sociological research.

The chapter delves into the foundational figures of Indian sociology, notably G.S. Ghurye, D.P. Mukerji, A.R. Desai, and M.N. Srinivas, each of whom contributed uniquely to the discipline within the context of India's colonial and post-colonial conditions. These pioneers navigated the challenges of adapting Western sociological traditions to India's distinct cultural and social realities, paving the way for sociology to evolve as a relevant academic field in India. The discussions also address the complexities surrounding caste, tribal communities, and the notion of tradition in the face of modernization.

Comparative trends in economic and human development indicators of India, China, and Pakistan reveal the varied developmental strategies adopted by these countries. While all three nations began their respective developmental paths around the same time, their subsequent growth trajectories have diverged significantly, especially after the introduction of economic reforms. The chapter highlights how these strategies have led to differences in economic performance, demographic indicators, and human development outcomes across the three countries.

The chapter delves into the philosophy behind the Indian Constitution, exploring the moral values it embodies and the intentions of the framers. It emphasizes the importance of understanding constitutional debates, the core features such as individual freedoms and social justice, and the critiques aimed at the Constitution. The text concludes by discussing its achievements and limitations, offering a reflection on its ongoing relevance in contemporary governance.

Secularism is crucial for ensuring equality in diverse societies and is a topic of debate, particularly in the context of India. It opposes both inter-religious and intra-religious domination while promoting freedom and equality among different religious communities. The chapter contrasts different models of secularism, particularly the Western and Indian frameworks, highlighting their unique characteristics and critiques.

Health, nutrition, and hygiene are vital components of human well-being, with interrelated dimensions encompassing social, mental, and physical health. This chapter discusses the significance of maintaining good health through proper nutrition, hygiene practices, and the consequences of malnutrition. Furthermore, it outlines the roles of various health care services and the importance of sanitation in preventing diseases, emphasizing that both undernutrition and overnutrition lead to serious health issues.

The chapter addresses the care and maintenance of fabrics, emphasizing the significance of proper cleaning and preservation strategies that enhance durability and appearance. It outlines various methods for stain removal, laundry techniques, and the importance of using appropriate cleaning agents. Additionally, the chapter discusses the role of care labels in guiding consumers in maintaining their fabrics correctly and identifies factors affecting fabric care including fiber composition and finish.

Biodiversity encompasses the variety of life on Earth, which is fundamentally vital for human existence. It plays significant ecological, economic, and scientific roles, with three primary levels: genetic, species, and ecosystem diversity. However, human activities have led to a rapid decline in biodiversity, necessitating concerted conservation efforts.

Motivation and emotion are extensively explored in terms of their definitions, types, and interactions. The chapter differentiates between biological and psychosocial motives, discusses Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, and offers insights into the nature of emotions and their expressions. It emphasizes the importance of managing both negative and positive emotions for improving personal well-being and interpersonal relations.

Chemical coordination and integration in the human body is primarily achieved through hormones produced by various endocrine glands, which regulate metabolic processes, growth, and various physiological functions. Hormones act as intercellular messengers, and their effects are mediated through specific receptors on target cells. The chapter discusses the structure, function, and mechanisms of action for major endocrine glands and their hormones, including the hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, and adrenal glands, along with their impact on health and disease.

Hydrocarbons consist solely of carbon and hydrogen atoms and are crucial energy sources derived from coal and petroleum. This chapter details the classification of hydrocarbons into alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, and aromatic hydrocarbons, each with distinct properties and reactions. It also explores nomenclature, isomerism, and various chemical reactions, including substitution and addition reactions.

Chemical equilibria are essential in biological and environmental processes, influencing reactions and substance interactions. The dynamic nature of equilibrium involves continuous particle exchange, leading to a constant vapor pressure in closed systems. Understanding the law of equilibrium, factors affecting it, and concepts like ionization are crucial for grasping the behavior of acids, bases, and salts in various reactions.

This chapter discusses the properties and behavior of waves, including their types, propagation, and mathematical descriptions. Emphasis is placed on mechanical waves, both transverse and longitudinal, as well as the principles of superposition and reflection. The chapter concludes with applications of wave phenomena, such as standing waves, beats, and sound propagation in different media.

Gravitation explains the attractive force between masses, a crucial concept in understanding celestial mechanics and planetary motion. The chapter discusses the historical development of gravitational theory from Galileo to Newton, including Kepler's laws of planetary motion and the universal law of gravitation. Essential properties like gravitational potential energy, escape velocity, and orbital mechanics of satellites are also covered.