CBSE Grade-12 Biology | 9. Biotechnology : Principles and Processes by Pavan | Learn Smarter
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9. Biotechnology : Principles and Processes

Biotechnology integrates natural sciences and organisms to create products beneficial to humans, marking a shift towards genetic engineering and bioprocess engineering. Key milestones include the development of recombinant DNA technology, which allows for the manipulation of genes and large-scale production of proteins using microorganisms. This chapter discusses the principles, tools, and processes of biotechnology, paving the way for advancements in health and agriculture.

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Sections

  • 9

    Biotechnology : Principles And Processes

    This section introduces biotechnology as a pivotal field that leverages biological systems for practical applications, focusing on genetic engineering and recombinant DNA technology.

    Learning Practice

  • 9.1

    Principles Of Biotechnology

    This section covers the fundamental principles behind biotechnology, including genetic engineering and bioprocess engineering.

    Learning Practice

  • 9.2

    Tools Of Recombinant Dna Technology

    The section discusses the essential tools necessary for recombinant DNA technology, including restriction enzymes, cloning vectors, and competent host cells, which facilitate genetic engineering.

    Learning Practice

  • 9.2.1

    Restriction Enzymes

    Restriction enzymes are molecular scissors that cut DNA at specific sequences, critical for genetic engineering and recombinant DNA technology.

    Learning Practice

  • 9.2.2

    Cloning Vectors

    Cloning vectors are essential tools in biotechnology that facilitate the replication and manipulation of foreign DNA within host organisms.

    Learning Practice

  • 9.2.3

    Competent Host (For Transformation With Recombinant Dna)

    This section details the processes necessary to transform bacterial cells so they can uptake recombinant DNA.

    Learning Practice

  • 9.3

    Processes Of Recombinant Dna Technology

    The section outlines the key processes involved in recombinant DNA technology, explaining each step from DNA isolation to product extraction.

    Learning Practice

  • 9.3.1

    Isolation Of The Genetic Material (Dna)

    This section discusses the process of isolating DNA from various organisms, highlighting the importance of purity for subsequent genetic engineering techniques.

    Learning Practice

  • 9.3.2

    Cutting Of Dna At Specific Locations

    This section discusses the cutting of DNA at specific locations using restriction enzymes, a foundational process in recombinant DNA technology.

    Learning Practice

  • 9.3.3

    Amplification Of Gene Of Interest Using Pcr

    PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) is a technique that amplifies a specific gene, producing millions of copies for further study or application.

    Learning Practice

  • 9.3.4

    Insertion Of Recombinant Dna Into The Host Cell/organism

    This section discusses methods for introducing recombinant DNA into host cells, enabling them to express desired traits, particularly antibiotic resistance.

    Learning Practice

  • 9.3.5

    Obtaining The Foreign Gene Product

    This section describes the process and significance of expressing foreign genes in host organisms to produce recombinant proteins.

    Learning Practice

  • 9.3.6

    Downstream Processing

    Downstream processing involves the series of steps necessary to prepare a biotechnological product for market after its biosynthetic production.

    Learning Practice

References

NCERT Study Material

Class Notes

Memorization

What we have learnt

  • Biotechnology utilizes live...
  • Genetic engineering allows ...
  • Recombinant DNA technology ...

Final Test

Revision Tests