A noun is a word that names anything – a person, place, thing, animal, idea, or quality.

• Common Nouns: These are general names for people, places, things, or ideas. They are not capitalized unless they start a sentence.
• Examples: boy, city, book, dog, happiness.
• Proper Nouns: These are specific, unique names for people, places, or things. They always begin with a capital letter.
• Examples: Rahul (a specific boy), Delhi (a specific city), The Ramayana (a specific book), Pluto (a specific dog/planet).
• Collective Nouns: These name a group of people, animals, or things as a single unit.
• Examples: A team of players, a flock of birds, an army of soldiers, a class of students.
• Abstract Nouns: These name ideas, qualities, feelings, or states that you cannot physically see, touch, hear, smell, or taste. They exist as concepts.
• Examples: freedom, bravery, love, childhood, peace.
• Material Nouns: These name the substances or materials from which things are made.
• Examples: gold, wood, water, cotton, plastic.

A pronoun is a word used in place of a noun to avoid repeating the same noun over and over.

• Personal Pronouns: Refer to specific people or things.
• Subject Pronouns (do the action): I, you, he, she, it, we, they. (e.g., She sings well.)
• Object Pronouns (receive the action): me, you, him, her, it, us, them. (e.g., Give the book to him.)
• Possessive Pronouns: Show ownership or possession.
• Examples: mine, yours, his, hers, ours, theirs. (e.g., That car is mine.)
• Demonstrative Pronouns: Point out specific items.
• Examples: this, that, these, those. (e.g., This is my favorite.)
• Reflexive Pronouns: End in -self or -selves and refer back to the subject of the sentence.
• Examples: myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves. (e.g., He hurt himself.)
• Indefinite Pronouns: Refer to non-specific people or things. They don't point to anyone or anything in particular.
• Examples: someone, anything, nobody, all, many, few. (e.g., Everyone loves pizza.)
• Relative Pronouns: Introduce a special type of clause called a "relative clause" that gives more information about a noun.
• Examples: who, whom, whose, which, that. (e.g., The boy who won is my friend.)
• Interrogative Pronouns: Used to ask questions.
• Examples: who, whom, whose, which, what. (e.g., What do you want?)

An adjective is a word that describes or modifies a noun or pronoun. It gives us more information about the quality, quantity, number, or identity of the noun.

• Examples: beautiful (quality), tall (quality), five (number), Indian (origin), happy (state), blue (colour).
• Degrees of Comparison: Adjectives have three forms to show different levels of comparison:
• Positive Degree: Simply describes a quality, no comparison.
  • Example: Rohan is a tall boy. (Just describes Rohan)
• Comparative Degree: Compares two nouns or pronouns. Usually ends in -er or uses more.
  • Example: Rohan is taller than Sam. (Compares Rohan and Sam)
  • Example: This book is more interesting than that one.
• Superlative Degree: Compares three or more nouns or pronouns, showing the highest or lowest degree. Usually ends in -est or uses most.
  • Example: Rohan is the tallest boy in the class. (Compares Rohan to all boys in the class)
  • Example: This is the most interesting book I've ever read.

A verb is the most crucial part of a sentence! It shows an action, a state of being, or an occurrence. Every complete sentence must have a verb.

• Action Verbs: Show physical or mental actions.
• Examples: run, eat, think, believe, sing, write. (e.g., Birds fly.)
• Linking Verbs: These verbs don't show action; they connect the subject of the sentence to a word that describes or renames it.
• Examples: is, am, are, was, were, seem, become, feel, look. (e.g., She is happy. He looks tired.)
• Helping/Auxiliary Verbs: These verbs work with a main verb to show its tense, mood, or voice.
• Examples: has, have, had, do, does, did, will, would, shall, should, can, could, may, might, must. (e.g., I have finished my homework. She can swim.)

An adverb is a word that modifies (describes) a verb, an adjective, or another adverb. They answer questions like how, when, where, why, or to what extent?

• Often end in -ly, but not always!
• Examples:
• Modifying a verb: He sang loudly. (How did he sing?)
• Modifying an adjective: She is very happy. (How happy is she?)
• Modifying another adverb: He runs extremely quickly. (How quickly does he run?)
• Types of Adverbs:
• Adverbs of Manner: Tell how an action is done (slowly, carefully).
• Adverbs of Time: Tell when an action is done (yesterday, now, soon).
• Adverbs of Place: Tell where an action is done (here, outside, upstairs).
• Adverbs of Degree: Tell to what extent (very, too, extremely, almost).
• Adverbs of Frequency: Tell how often an action is done (always, never, often).

A preposition is a word that shows the relationship between a noun or pronoun and another word in the sentence. They usually indicate position, direction, time, or manner.

• Examples: in, on, at, to, from, by, with, about, under, over, beside, through.
• Example: The book is on the table. (Shows position)
• Example: We walked to the park. (Shows direction)
• Example: I will meet you at 3 PM. (Shows time)

A conjunction is like a bridge; it connects words, phrases, clauses, or sentences.

• Coordinating Conjunctions: Join elements of equal grammatical rank. Remember the acronym FANBOYS: For, And, Nor, But, Or, Yet, So.
• Example: I like apples and bananas. (Joins two nouns)
• Example: She wanted to go, but she was tired. (Joins two independent clauses)
• Subordinating Conjunctions: Join a dependent (or subordinate) clause to an independent clause. The dependent clause cannot stand alone as a complete sentence.
• Examples: because, although, while, if, when, since, unless, after, before.
• Example: I will eat when I finish my homework. (Joins a dependent clause to an independent clause)

An interjection is a word or short phrase that expresses sudden strong emotion or surprise. They often stand alone and are followed by an exclamation mark (!).

• Examples: Oh!, Wow!, Hurrah!, Alas!, Bravo!, Ouch!, Oops!.
• Example: Wow! That's amazing!
• Example: Ouch! That hurt!