Module 3: Processor Organization And Data Representation

This module explores the architecture of the CPU, detailing its components and their interactions, as well as the binary representation essential for data processing.

Processor Organization (Internal Structure)

This section provides a detailed overview of the internal architecture of the CPU, elucidating its key components and their interactions in executing program instructions.

Central Processing Unit (Cpu) Overview: Components And Their Interaction

This section provides an in-depth look into the architecture of the CPU, detailing its critical components and their interactions during the Fetch-Decode-Execute cycle.

Arithmetic Logic Unit (Alu)

The Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) is a critical component of the CPU, responsible for performing mathematical and logical operations on binary data.

Control Unit (Cu)

The Control Unit (CU) orchestrates the CPU's operations, controlling the sequential processing of instructions and managing data flow.

Register Set

Registers within the CPU serve as the fastest internal memory, critical for processing data during instruction execution.

Internal Cpu Buses

Internal CPU buses are high-speed electrical pathways that facilitate rapid data transfer within the CPU, connecting essential components like registers, the ALU, and the Control Unit.

Register Set: The Cpu's High-Speed Internal Storage

Registers are the fastest memory units within the CPU, providing immediate access to frequently used data and critical control information essential for high performance.

General Purpose Registers (Gprs)

This section provides an overview of General Purpose Registers (GPRs), detailing their functions, usage, and importance within the CPU's architecture.

Special Purpose Registers

This section discusses special purpose registers within the CPU that handle specific roles crucial for instruction execution and state management, contrasting their functions with general-purpose registers.

Internal Cpu Buses: Data Paths Within The Processor

This section covers the significance, function, and design of internal CPU buses, which facilitate rapid data transfer within the processor.

Register Transfer Language (Rtl): A Symbolic Way To Describe Micro-Operations

This section introduces Register Transfer Language (RTL) as a formal notation for describing micro-operations that govern data transfer between registers and other components in a CPU.

Purpose

This section outlines the intricate workings of the CPU, focusing on its internal architecture, component functions, and the foundational role they play in executing instructions.

Data Path: The Actual Flow Of Data Through The Cpu During Instruction Execution

This section explores the data path within the CPU, detailing how data flows through various components during instruction execution.

Conceptual Flow During Execution

This section explains the essential data flow within the CPU during instruction execution, focusing on the conceptual processes involved in fetching, decoding, and executing instructions.

Information Representation

This section explores how various forms of information are represented in binary, the foundational language of digital computers.

Bits, Bytes, And Words: Basic Units Of Digital Information

This section discusses the fundamental units of digital information, specifically bits, bytes, and words, outlining their significance and applications in computer systems.

Binary Representation: The Base-2 System

The binary representation is the fundamental encoding method for all data in digital computing, using only 0s and 1s to express values.

Hexadecimal Representation: Shorthand For Binary

Hexadecimal representation serves as a compact and readable shorthand for binary data, simplifying the human interaction with digital information.

Character Codes: Representing Text

This section explores how characters are represented in digital systems through character codes like ASCII, Unicode, and EBCDIC.

Bit Ordering: Big-Endian Vs. Little-Endian Byte Ordering In Memory

This section explores the concepts of byte ordering in computer memory, specifically comparing big-endian and little-endian formats.

Number Formats For Integers

This section discusses how whole numbers (integers) are represented in binary, covering unsigned and signed integer formats including two's complement.

Unsigned Integers: Representation And Range

Unsigned integers represent non-negative whole numbers using direct binary representation.

Signed Integers: Representing Positive And Negative Numbers

This section covers how signed integers are represented in binary systems, focusing on methods like sign-magnitude, one's complement, and two's complement.

Sign-Magnitude Representation

The Sign-Magnitude Representation utilizes the most significant bit to indicate the sign of a number, while the remaining bits represent its magnitude, posing unique challenges in arithmetic operations.

One's Complement Representation

One's complement representation is a method for encoding signed integers, allowing for both positive and negative values through bit inversion.

Two's Complement Representation: The Standard For Signed Integers

Two's complement representation is the predominant method for encoding signed integers in computing, allowing efficient arithmetic operations on both positive and negative numbers.

Integer Arithmetic: Addition And Subtraction Of Two's Complement Numbers

This section explores the addition and subtraction of integers using the two's complement method, highlighting its advantages in computer arithmetic.

Overflow Detection In Two's Complement

This section covers how overflow is detected in two's complement representation during integer arithmetic operations.