Detailed Summary
Water covers three-fourths of the earth's surface, but only a small fraction is freshwater accessible for human use. This freshwater is primarily sourced from surface runoff and groundwater, constantly replenished by the hydrological cycle. However, despite the abundance of water, many regions face severe water scarcity due to over-exploitation, poor water management, and inequitable access.
Water scarcity is often thought to be a consequence of low rainfall, as seen in drought-prone areas, but urban centers also experience shortages despite having ample water resources. This scarcity stems from rising populations, increased agricultural irrigation demands, and industrialization, which further stress already fragile water supplies.
To address these issues, traditional water conservation practices, such as rainwater harvesting, are being revived, and modern solutions like the Jal Jeevan Mission aim to provide clean water access to rural households. Multi-purpose river projects, while beneficial for irrigation and electricity, have come under scrutiny for their environmental impact and social costs. Lastly, a sustainable approach to water resource management is crucial for ensuring future accessibility and ecological balance.