The Making of Germany and Italy
The unification of Germany and Italy in the 19th century marked a significant shift in the political landscape of Europe, transitioning from fragmented states to cohesive nation-states. This process stemmed from a rise in nationalist sentiment and strategic military efforts. In Germany, after the failed revolutions of 1848, nationalism became associated with conservative forces, leading to Prussian dominance under the leadership of Otto von Bismarck. Through three significant wars against Austria, Denmark, and France, Bismarck achieved German unification, culminating in the proclamation of the German Empire at Versailles in 1871.
In parallel, the Italian states, previously fragmented under various rulers, found leadership in Sardinia-Piedmont, primarily through the efforts of Count Camillo di Cavour and revolutionary figures like Giuseppe Garibaldi. The unification process was characterized by military campaigns, diplomatic alliances, and popular support, eventually leading to the establishment of a unified Italy in 1861. However, despite the political changes, substantial portions of the population remained largely unaware of their national identity, highlighting the complexities of nationalism during this period.