Print Comes to India
Introduction to Printing in India
The chapter outlines the evolution of print technology leading to its introduction in India, emphasizing the significant shift from traditional manuscript culture to the printed word. This transformation began with Portuguese Jesuit missionaries in the mid-sixteenth century, who brought printing presses to Goa and initiated the production of the first books in regional languages.
Initial Developments
By 1674, approximately 50 books were printed in Konkani and Kanara languages. The first Tamil book appeared in 1579, showcasing how the advent of print began to shape linguistic diversity and accessibility to literature.
Role of the English Press
Despite the early start of regional presses, the English language printing press became prominent later, especially with the establishment of the Bengal Gazette by James Augustus Hickey in 1780, which marked the beginning of English-language journalism in India. Hickey's paper was known for its independence and critical perspective on colonial governance, reflecting the growing urge for a public platform where various ideas could be discussed.
Cultural and Social Impact
The spread of print culture in India was instrumental in shaping public debates during the 19th century. As various reform movements emerged, printed tracts and newspapers became vital means of communication. Debates around religious and social issues, driven by figures like Rammohun Roy, were now open to broader audiences, leading to significant reformations in traditional practices.
Conclusion
By the end of the 19th century, printing had revolutionized Indian society, connecting diverse communities and encouraging public discourse on issues such as caste, gender, and colonial rule. The proliferation of newspapers and journals not only facilitated social reform but also laid the groundwork for burgeoning nationalist sentiments.