In the late 18th century, the British recognized the potential of Indian agriculture to not only provide revenue but also grow essential crops for Europe. One significant crop was indigo, which became crucial for dyeing textiles in the burgeoning British cotton industry. This led to an aggressive expansion of indigo cultivation in Bengal, driven by British demand.
Initially, the indigo plant was cultivated through two main systems: nij (on land owned directly by planters) and ryoti (on ryots' land controlled by contracts). While nij cultivation faced challenges due to limited fertile lands, the ryoti system forced farmers into contracts to grow indigo, often leading to debts due to low prices for indigo and high expenses for necessary cultivation equipment. This created a cycle of poverty for the ryots.
The oppressive nature of indigo farming led to a significant peasant revolt known as the Indigo Rebellion in 1859, where ryots resisted the planters' demands and sought help from local zamindars and even anticipated support from the British government. Ultimately, the rebellion highlighted the exploitative agricultural practices and led to a decline in indigo production in Bengal, although planters later shifted operations to Bihar. The introduction of synthetic dyes also contributed to the downfall of indigo trade.
In summary, British colonial policies regarding agriculture deeply affected local economies and spurred significant social unrest, illustrating the broader consequences of colonial exploitation.