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Tribal groups in India engaged in various activities including jhum cultivation, hunting-gathering, herding, and later settled agriculture. The arrival of British colonial rule disrupted their traditional ways of life, leading to economic changes and social conflicts, particularly regarding land rights and forestry laws.
Tribal societies in India had unique customs and shared community ties, distinguishing them from caste-based societies. By the nineteenth century, these groups engaged in different livelihoods:
The arrival of the British empire increased pressures on tribal societies. British authorities viewed tribal mobility unfavorably, seeking to settle these communities for economic control and revenue generation. New forest laws restricted access to traditional lands, leading to dependence on traders and exploitation by moneylenders, culminating in a cycle of debt. The rising dissatisfaction amongst tribal groups ultimately sparked revolts against colonial rule, notably theMunda movement led by Birsa Munda, which challenged the oppressive structures imposed by outsiders.
Jhum Cultivation: Shifting agricultural practice vital for tribal survival.
Hunting-Gathering: Lifestyle dependent on forest resources.
Colonial Impact: Disruption of traditional lifestyles and economic systems.
Jhum is a shift, it's a clever gift from earth, makes the soil rich for a new birth.
A tribe of Khonds learned to work in unity, their hunting and gathering kept them in community, facing outsiders, they stood tall, reclaiming their rights, answering the call.
FOCUS - Forest, Outsiders, Cultivation, Unity, Survival - Represents major themes of tribal life.
The Khonds collectively hunted in Orissa, gathering fruits and trading forest produce.
Birsa Munda's movement was a direct response to colonial exploitation and aimed to restore tribal rights.
Term: Jhum Cultivation
Definition: A traditional agricultural practice in which land is cleared for farming and left fallow after a few years to allow soil fertility recovery.
A traditional agricultural practice in which land is cleared for farming and left fallow after a few years to allow soil fertility recovery.
Term: Dikus
Definition: Refers to outsiders or foreigners, particularly traders and moneylenders who exploited tribal communities.
Refers to outsiders or foreigners, particularly traders and moneylenders who exploited tribal communities.
Term: Pastoralists
Definition: Tribal groups who primarily engage in herding and rearing livestock.
Tribal groups who primarily engage in herding and rearing livestock.
Term: Settled Agriculture
Definition: A form of agriculture involving permanent fields with regular crop cycles, unlike shifting cultivation.
A form of agriculture involving permanent fields with regular crop cycles, unlike shifting cultivation.
Term: Traders
Definition: Individuals or groups who exchange goods, often charging high prices for their services.
Individuals or groups who exchange goods, often charging high prices for their services.
Term: Moneylenders
Definition: People who loan money at high interest rates, leading to indebtedness among borrowers.
People who loan money at high interest rates, leading to indebtedness among borrowers.