In this section, we delve into the plight of tribal groups in India, particularly from the late nineteenth century onwards, during the rise of colonial rule. Economic transformations led to massive changes in tribal livelihoods. Many tribals were forced to leave their traditional practices, such as jhum cultivation, hunting-gathering, and pastoralism, to seek labor in tea plantations and coal mines. These migrations often resulted in exploitation as they encountered harsh working conditions and low pay under contractor systems that maximized profits while minimizing tribal welfare.
The narrative emphasizes the effects of colonial policies, such as land settlements and forest laws, which restricted access to traditional resources and pushed tribals towards labor markets that enforced severe inequality. The section highlights the emergence of movements and leaders, such as Birsa Munda, who sought to reclaim tribal rights and challenge the oppressive system imposed by outsiders. Ultimately, this struggle underscores both the resilience of tribal communities and the significant societal transformations occurring during British colonial oversight.