Detailed Summary of Section 4.4
In this section, we focus on two significant carbon compounds: ethanol (C₂H₅OH) and ethanoic acid (C₂H₄O₂).
Ethanol
Ethanol, popularly known as alcohol, is a clear liquid at room temperature with essential applications in beverages, medical solutions, and as a solvent. It has a boiling point of 351 K and is fully miscible with water. Despite its wide use, ethanol can be dangerous in excessive amounts, with pure ethanol potentially being lethal.
- Reactions of Ethanol:
- Reaction with Sodium: Ethanol reacts with sodium to produce sodium ethoxide and hydrogen gas.
- Dehydration Reaction: Upon heating with concentrated sulfuric acid, ethanol dehydrates to form ethene (C₂H₄).
- Impact on Living Organisms: Ethanol consumption can depress the central nervous system, impairing coordination and judgment, while methanol (another alcohol) poses serious health risks.
Ethanoic Acid (Acetic Acid)
Ethanoic acid is a weak organic acid known for its acidic properties and culinary uses, predominantly in vinegar (a 5-8% solution). It has a melting point of 290 K, and in colder environments, it may solidify into its 'glacial' form.
- Reactions of Ethanoic Acid:
- Esterification: Ethanoic acid can undergo a reaction with ethanol in the presence of a catalyst to form an ester.
- Reaction with Bases: It reacts with a base like sodium hydroxide to produce sodium acetate and water, demonstrating its acidic nature.
- Reactions with Carbonates: Ethanoic acid reacts with carbonates and bicarbonates to produce carbon dioxide, which can be tested when the gas passes through lime-water.
Both compounds play crucial roles not only in everyday life but also in industrial applications, enhancing their importance in the study of organic chemistry.