Molecules

This section introduces the basic building blocks of life, categorizing molecules into carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins, and explains their structure and functions.

Carbohydrates And Lipids

Carbohydrates and lipids are essential organic molecules that serve vital roles in energy storage, structural integrity, and membrane formation in living organisms.

Proteins

Proteins are essential polymers made from amino acids, responsible for a wide range of biological functions.

Cells

This section covers the composition, structure, and function of essential biological molecules and cellular components.

Membranes And Membrane Transport

This section covers the structure and function of cell membranes, emphasizing their role in transport mechanisms.

Organelles And Compartmentalization

Eukaryotic cells contain specialized organelles that compartmentalize cellular functions, enhancing efficiency and organization.

Cell Specialization

Cell specialization involves the differentiation of cells to perform unique functions guided by gene expression.

Organisms

This section discusses the key processes of gas exchange, transport systems, and muscle function in organisms.

Gas Exchange

Gas exchange is the process of oxygen and carbon dioxide movement between organisms and their environment.

Transport

Transport mechanisms are vital processes in organisms that enable the movement of substances within cells and throughout body systems.

Muscle And Motility (Hl Only)

Muscle contraction is crucial for movement in animals, involving different muscle types and the sliding filament theory.

Ecosystems

This section explores how organisms adapt to their environments and their ecological niches.

Adaptation To Environment

Adaptations are traits that enhance an organism's survival and reproduction in their particular environments.

Ecological Niches

Ecological niches define the role and position of a species in its environment, encompassing aspects such as habitat, interactions, and available resources.