Metabolism, Cell Respiration, And Photosynthesis (Hl)

This section covers the processes of metabolism, cell respiration, and photosynthesis, explaining their roles in energy transformation and chemical reactions in living organisms.

Metabolism And Energy Cycles

Metabolism involves all chemical reactions in living organisms, including energy production through pathways like catabolism and anabolism.

Metabolism Overview

Metabolism includes all chemical reactions within organisms to maintain life, organized into pathways that are either anabolic or catabolic.

Enzymes And Activation Energy

This section explains the role of enzymes as biological catalysts that lower activation energy, facilitating metabolic reactions.

Atp: The Energy Currency

ATP is the primary energy carrier in cells, storing and releasing energy for various cellular processes.

Cell Respiration

Cell respiration is the process by which cells convert biochemical energy from nutrients into ATP, with waste products released, occurring under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions.

Glycolysis

Glycolysis is the first step in cellular respiration, occurring in the cytoplasm, where glucose is transformed into pyruvate, yielding energy in the form of ATP.

Link Reaction

The link reaction connects glycolysis and the Krebs cycle, converting pyruvate into acetyl-CoA while releasing carbon dioxide and producing NADH.

Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle)

The Krebs Cycle, or Citric Acid Cycle, is a series of enzymatic reactions in the mitochondrial matrix that generates energy through decarboxylation and oxidation processes, yielding NADH, FADH₂, ATP, and CO₂ from acetyl-CoA.

Electron Transport Chain And Chemiosmosis

The electron transport chain and chemiosmosis are crucial processes in cellular respiration that produce ATP through the utilization of a proton gradient created by the transfer of electrons from NADH and FADH₂.

Photosynthesis

Photosynthesis converts light energy into chemical energy, producing glucose and oxygen from carbon dioxide and water.

Light-Dependent Reactions

The light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis convert light energy into chemical energy, producing ATP and NADPH.

Calvin Cycle (Light-Independent Reactions)

The Calvin Cycle is a series of light-independent reactions in photosynthesis occurring in the stroma of chloroplasts, where carbon dioxide is fixed into glucose through a series of enzymatic processes.

Comparison Of Anaerobic Respiration Types

This section compares anaerobic respiration processes in animals, yeast, and plants, highlighting their pathways and end products.

Anaerobic Respiration In Animals

Anaerobic respiration in animals occurs in the absence of oxygen, converting pyruvate into lactate and allowing for the continued production of ATP.

Anaerobic Respiration In Yeast And Plants

Anaerobic respiration is a vital metabolic process in yeast and plants that involves the conversion of glucose into ethanol and carbon dioxide without oxygen.

Comparison Table

This section compares anaerobic respiration in animal cells and yeast/plant cells, detailing their processes and products.