ICSE 10 Curriculum

Radioactivity involves the spontaneous emission of radiation from unstable atomic nuclei, with three primary types of emissions: alpha particles, beta particles, and gamma rays. The chapter also discusses radioactive decay, nuclear reactions such as fission and fusion, and the concept of half-life, which dictates the decay rate of isotopes. Practical applications range from medical treatments and industrial uses to archaeological dating, emphasizing the importance of safety measures when dealing with radioactive materials.

Pollution encompasses the introduction of harmful substances into the environment, leading to negative impacts on living organisms and ecosystems. There are various types of pollution including air, water, soil, and noise, each with unique causes and effects. Addressing pollution requires collective efforts through prevention measures, regulations, and personal responsibility to promote a cleaner environment.

Probability is quantified by the likelihood of events occurring, represented on a scale from 0 to 1. Key concepts include experiments, trials, outcomes, and their relationships, along with classical and simple event probabilities. Complementary events further underscore the inverse relationship of event probabilities.

Organic chemistry focuses on carbon compounds, particularly those containing C–H bonds. Key concepts include the classification of hydrocarbons, the significance of functional groups, and IUPAC nomenclature rules for organic compounds. The chapter also covers combustion reactions and isomerism, highlighting the diversity and complexity in organic molecules.

The chapter covers significant global events and political developments of the 20th century, particularly focusing on the First and Second World Wars, the establishment of the United Nations, and the emergence of the Non-Aligned Movement. It also explores the dynamics of the Cold War, including the rivalry between the USA and USSR, culminating in the disintegration of the Soviet Union. The effects of these events on international relations and the shift towards a unipolar world dominated by the USA are discussed.

Waste management is the process of collecting, transporting, processing, recycling, or disposing of waste materials. Effective waste management is crucial for protecting public health, the environment, and achieving sustainable development. Different types of waste, including solid, liquid, and gaseous waste, originate from various sources and require appropriate disposal methods to mitigate environmental impact.

Consumer awareness entails understanding one's rights and responsibilities as a buyer, alongside knowledge about available products and services. This awareness aids consumers in making informed choices, protecting them from fraud, and encouraging fair trade practices. Key components include consumer rights, responsibilities, protection laws, and methods to address unfair trade practices.

File handling in Java is essential for reading and writing data, allowing for permanent storage unlike temporary variable memory. The chapter introduces different file types, various Java classes for file operations, and emphasizes the importance of exception handling and data persistence.

Money serves as a medium of exchange, a unit of account, and a store of value in the economy. Various forms of money exist, including commodity and fiat money. Banks play a crucial role as intermediaries between savers and borrowers, while the Reserve Bank of India regulates the banking sector and manages monetary policy, supporting economic development through credit and investment mobilization.

Public Relations (PR) is crucial for organizations aiming to foster positive relationships with the public and manage their image. Its objectives include creating favorable public perceptions, building trust, and effectively handling crises. Various tools and methods, such as press releases and social media, are employed to communicate with the public, making the role of Public Relations Officer (PRO) vital in navigating these interactions.