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Chapter 7: Hydrogen

Hydrogen is the most abundant and lightest element in the universe, playing a pivotal role in forming water and organic compounds. It exists in free and combined states and exhibits both physical and chemical properties that underline its significance in various applications. This chapter discusses the occurrence, preparation methods, uses, and safety precautions related to hydrogen.

Sections

  • 1

    Occurrence Of Hydrogen

    Hydrogen is the most abundant element in the universe, occurring both freely and in various compounds.

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  • 1.1

    Free State

    Hydrogen is primarily found in the free state in stars and the sun, while being present in various compounds on Earth.

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  • 1.2

    Combined State

    This section describes the different states of hydrogen, focusing on its combined forms in various compounds.

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  • 2

    Position In The Periodic Table

    This section describes the unique position of hydrogen in the periodic table, encompassing its atomic number, symbol, atomic mass, and its classification in relation to other elements.

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  • 3

    Physical Properties Of Hydrogen

    This section outlines the key physical properties of hydrogen, emphasizing its unique characteristics as the lightest and most abundant element.

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  • 4

    Chemical Properties Of Hydrogen

    This section explores the chemical properties of hydrogen, highlighting its reactions with oxygen, metals, non-metals, and its role as a reducing agent.

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  • 4.1

    Combustion

    This section discusses the combustion of hydrogen, its chemical reactions, properties, and uses in various applications.

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  • 4.2

    Reaction With Oxygen

    Hydrogen reacts with oxygen to form water, a key chemical reaction that is exothermic in nature.

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  • 4.3

    Reaction With Metals (To Form Metal Hydrides)

    This section covers how hydrogen reacts with metals to form metal hydrides, highlighting key reactions and their significance.

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  • 4.4

    Reaction With Non-Metals

    This section explores hydrogen's reactions with non-metals, particularly focusing on its interactions with chlorine and nitrogen.

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  • 4.5

    Reducing Agent

    This section discusses hydrogen's role as a reducing agent, particularly its ability to remove oxygen from metal oxides.

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  • 5

    Preparation Of Hydrogen

    This section outlines the methods for preparing hydrogen in laboratory and industrial settings.

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  • 5.1

    Laboratory Preparation (Zinc + Dilute Acid)

    This section discusses the laboratory preparation of hydrogen gas through the reaction of zinc with dilute acids.

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  • 6

    Industrial Preparation Of Hydrogen

    This section discusses the industrial methods used for the preparation of hydrogen, namely from water gas and through the electrolysis of water.

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  • 6.1

    From Water Gas (Co + H₂)

    Water gas is a mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen, produced by passing steam over red-hot coke, and is an important method for industrial hydrogen production.

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  • 6.2

    From Electrolysis Of Water

    Electrolysis of water is the process of using electricity to split water into hydrogen and oxygen gas.

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  • 7

    Uses Of Hydrogen

    Hydrogen is extensively utilized in various industries, including ammonia production, hydrogenation, fuel cells, and more.

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  • 8

    Test For Hydrogen

    The section discusses how to identify the presence of hydrogen gas through a simple test involving a burning splint.

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  • 9

    Hazards And Precautions

    This section discusses the hazards associated with hydrogen handling and necessary precautions to mitigate risks.

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References

chemistry ch7.pdf

Class Notes

Memorization

What we have learnt

  • Hydrogen is the lightest el...
  • It has unique properties th...
  • Hydrogen is significant in ...

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