13.2.2. How do we conserve Biodiversity?

When we conserve and protect the whole ecosystem, its biodiversity at all levels is protected - we save the entire forest to save the tiger. This approach is called in situ (on site) conservation.

In situ conservation means protecting ecosystems and the species that inhabit them in their natural environments. This approach recognizes that for biodiversity to thrive, it is essential to maintain healthy ecosystems. For example, by conserving entire forests, we help not only the tigers that live there but also all the other species within that forest. This holistic method ensures that the complex interdependencies among species are preserved.

Think of an ecosystem like a big, intricate machine where every part has a role. If one gear (species) is removed, it might not seem like a big deal at first, but over time, the machine could malfunction. Protecting the entire machine (ecosystem) ensures all parts continue to work harmoniously.

However, when there are situations where an animal or plant is endangered or threatened (organisms facing a very high risk of extinction in the wild in the near future) and needs urgent measures to save it from extinction, ex situ (off site) conservation is the desirable approach.

Ex situ conservation involves the protection of endangered species by removing them from their natural habitats and providing conditions that allow them to survive. This may involve placing them in zoos, botanical gardens, or controlled breeding programs. Ex situ conservation is particularly useful when immediate intervention is required to prevent extinction.

Imagine a child who is in danger while playing outside. If a parent brings them indoors to ensure their safety, that's similar to ex situ conservation—removing the child from a risky situation to protect them until it is safe to go outside again. This preserves their life until the external conditions improve.

Faced with the conflict between development and conservation, many nations find it unrealistic and economically not feasible to conserve all their biological wealth. Invariably, the number of species waiting to be saved from extinction far exceeds the conservation resources available. On a global basis, this problem has been addressed by eminent conservationists. They identified for maximum protection certain ‘biodiversity hotspots’ regions with very high levels of species richness and high degree of endemism...

Biodiversity hotspots are areas that are rich in species and facing significant threats. Identifying these hotspots allows conservationists to prioritize areas for protection, focusing on the most critical ecosystems where both high biodiversity and imminent threats coincide. This strategic approach allows for better allocation of limited conservation resources.

Think of biodiversity hotspots like special treasures on a map. Just as a treasure hunter focuses on the most rewarding locations, conservationists direct their efforts toward hotspots where they can save the most species with the resources they have. By concentrating on these critical areas, they can make a significant impact in protecting biodiversity.

In India, ecologically unique and biodiversity-rich regions are legally protected as biosphere reserves, national parks and sanctuaries. India now has 14 biosphere reserves, 90 national parks and 448 wildlife sanctuaries...

India has established several legal frameworks to protect its biodiversity, such as biosphere reserves and national parks. These protected areas are intended to conserve biodiversity while allowing for sustainable development. By creating these reserves, India aims to safeguard endangered species and maintain ecological balance in its diverse ecosystems.

Consider a local park that’s preserved for community enjoyment and wildlife protection. Just as park regulations help maintain the health of the park and its inhabitants, biosphere reserves and national parks in India are designed to protect natural habitats, allowing people and wildlife to coexist while ensuring the survival of sensitive species.

India has also a history of religious and cultural traditions that emphasised protection of nature. In many cultures, tracts of forest were set aside, and all the trees and wildlife within were venerated and given total protection...

Cultural and religious practices in India have historically played a significant role in biodiversity conservation. Many communities have long-standing traditions that respect and protect natural spaces, leading to the preservation of forests and wildlife. These sacred groves and protected areas not only preserve biodiversity but also strengthen the relationship between people and nature.

In some regions, sacred groves are like community gardens that have been tended to with care and respect for generations. They are spaces not only for the local flora and fauna but also for spirituality and community connection, showcasing a harmonious balance between human needs and environmental protection.

In recent years ex situ conservation has advanced beyond keeping threatened species in enclosures. Now gametes of threatened species can be preserved in viable and fertile condition for long periods using cryopreservation techniques...

Ex situ conservation techniques have evolved significantly, with advancements such as cryopreservation, which allows genetic material to be stored for future use. This method not only preserves genetic diversity but also enables breeding programs that can reintroduce species back into their natural habitats or help bolster struggling populations.

Think of cryopreservation like saving a backup of important files on your computer. If something happens to the original, you can retrieve that information. Similarly, by storing genetic material, we ensure that species can potentially survive even if their wild populations dwindle or disappear, providing a second chance for their existence.

Biodiversity knows no political boundaries and its conservation is therefore a collective responsibility of all nations. The historic Convention on Biological Diversity (‘The Earth Summit’) held in Rio de Janeiro in 1992...

Biodiversity conservation is a global issue that transcends national borders. International agreements like the Convention on Biological Diversity emphasize that all countries need to work together to preserve biodiversity and manage natural resources sustainably. This collective responsibility ensures that efforts to conserve biodiversity are inclusive and far-reaching.

Just like how a neighborhood might come together to clean up a shared park, countries across the world must collaborate for the greater good of the planet. Each nation contributes their part, ensuring that collective resources lead to a healthier environment and sustainable future for everyone.

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