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CBSE 12 Chemistry Part 1
CBSE 12 Chemistry - Part 1 covers topics like solid-state chemistry, solutions, electrochemistry, chemical kinetics, and surface chemistry, providing students with a strong understanding of chemical principles and their practical applications in daily life.
Course Chapters
Solutions
Solutions are homogeneous mixtures classified into solid, liquid, and gaseous types, with various concentration measures such as mole fraction, molarity, and molality. Key principles governing these solutions include Henry's law for gas solubility and Raoult's law for the vapor pressure of solvents. Colligative properties, which depend on the number of solute particles, play a crucial role in understanding behaviors like boiling point elevation and freezing point depression.
Electrochemistry
Electrochemistry studies the interconversion between chemical energy and electrical energy through electrochemical cells. It encompasses concepts such as galvanic and electrolytic cells, the Nernst equation, and the conductivity of solutions. Additionally, electrochemical principles are crucial in applications such as batteries, fuel cells, and corrosion processes, highlighting their importance in various practical contexts.
Chemical kinetics
Chemical kinetics focuses on the rates of chemical reactions and the factors influencing these rates. It includes concepts such as average and instantaneous rates, the rate law, molecularity, and the impact of temperature and catalysts on reaction speeds. Understanding these principles aids in the practical application of chemistry in processes like pharmaceuticals and industrial reactions.
The d– and f-Block Elements
The d- and f-block elements, comprising transition metals and inner transition metals, are characterized by their unique electronic configurations, variable oxidation states, and metallic properties. Comprised of the elements from Groups 3-12 (d-block) and the lanthanides and actinides (f-block), these metals demonstrate significant trends in their physical and chemical behaviors, including high tensile strength, conductivity, and catalytic activity. The chapter further explores the preparation and properties of notable compounds such as potassium dichromate and permanganate, as well as the significance of lanthanoid and actinoid contractions.
Coordination Compounds
Coordination compounds form a crucial part of modern inorganic chemistry, exhibiting unique structures and properties that are foundational for biological systems and various industrial applications. Alfred Werner pioneered the theoretical framework for understanding coordination compounds, proposing key concepts regarding their bonding and structure. The chapter explores ligand types, isomerism, nomenclature, and the principles of valence bond and crystal field theories.