1. Solutions
Solutions are homogeneous mixtures classified into solid, liquid, and gaseous types, with various concentration measures such as mole fraction, molarity, and molality. Key principles governing these solutions include Henry's law for gas solubility and Raoult's law for the vapor pressure of solvents. Colligative properties, which depend on the number of solute particles, play a crucial role in understanding behaviors like boiling point elevation and freezing point depression.
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What we have learnt
- Solutions are homogeneous mixtures that can be classified into different types based on the states of solute and solvent.
- Concentration of solutions can be expressed in various units like mole fraction, molarity, and mass percentage.
- Colligative properties depend on the number of solute particles and include vapor pressure lowering, boiling point elevation, freezing point depression, and osmotic pressure.
Key Concepts
- -- Colligative Properties
- Properties of solutions that depend on the ratio of solute particles to solvent molecules rather than the chemical nature of the solute.
- -- Henry's Law
- The solubility of a gas in a liquid at a constant temperature is directly proportional to the partial pressure of the gas over the solution.
- -- Raoult's Law
- In a solution of volatile liquids, the partial vapor pressure of each component is directly proportional to its mole fraction.
- -- Ideal Solutions
- Solutions that obey Raoult's law over the entire range of concentration.
- -- Van't Hoff Factor (i)
- A factor that accounts for the degree of dissociation or association of solute particles in a solution.
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