Railways represent a major mode of land transport, crucial for both passenger and freight movement over long distances. As an organized service industry, railways facilitate trade by connecting producing regions with consuming ones, affecting economic activities and access to resources. Rail networks vary in technology and design across countries, with different gauges and routes suited to local needs. Compared to other transport modes, railways are particularly efficient for moving heavy and bulky goods, which is a significant advantage in regions with extensive rail infrastructure. This section elaborates on the development of railroads from early steam engines to modern electrified trains, the geographical factors influencing rail network design, and the integration of railways with other transportation modes for efficient logistics. Additionally, it covers the global importance of trans-continental railways, highlighting specific examples from various continents.