The Santhals: Pioneer Settlers
The Santhals began migrating to Bengal around the late 18th century, specifically entering the Rajmahal hills around 1800. They were encouraged by local zamindars who sought to expand agricultural output. Unlike the Paharias, who resisted agricultural intrusion, the Santhals were viewed by the colonial government as promising settlers. They engaged in the reclamation of land that had previously been forested, leading to a remarkable increase in cultivated lands in the Rajmahal region.
By 1832, the colonial administration had demarcated areas such as Damin-i-Koh specifically for the Santhals, promoting settled agriculture among them. With time, the number of Santhal villages grew significantly, and their population exploded from 3,000 in 1838 to over 82,000 by 1851. This rapid cultivation contributed positively to colonial revenue systems. However, this growth came with challenges, as the Santhals found themselves entrapped by heavy taxation, manipulative moneylending practices, and encroaching zamindars seeking to reclaim power over them.
The changing economic landscape and pressured conditions culminated in the Santhal Revolt of 1855-56, as they sought autonomy from colonial control, moneylenders, and zamindars. As a direct response to the socio-economic changes thrust upon them, the rebellion represented not just an uprising against oppression but also a desperate attempt to reclaim their identity and lands.