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8.2.6 - The happenings of 1922 –1929

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The End of the Non-Cooperation Movement

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Teacher
Teacher

Today, we begin with a crucial moment in our history — the end of the Non-Cooperation Movement. This was a significant turning point initiated by Mahatma Gandhi. Can anyone tell me why Gandhi ended the movement?

Student 1
Student 1

Was it because of the violence at Chauri Chaura where policemen were killed?

Teacher
Teacher

Exactly! The incident at Chauri Chaura represented the violent backlash that Gandhi feared could derail the non-violent ethos of the movement. He believed that true change must come through peace, not violence. Can anyone summarize what 'Non-Cooperation' aimed to achieve?

Student 2
Student 2

It aimed to make Indians self-reliant by boycotting British goods and institutions?

Teacher
Teacher

Correct! Remember the acronym ‘BOYCOTT’ — to remind us of the various elements of Non-Cooperation: Buy nothing British, Organize protests, Yield your rights, Change public opinion, Obtain Indian goods, Take pride in our culture. This strategy was about more than just ending British rule; it was about self-empowerment.

Student 3
Student 3

So, what happened after the movement ended?

Teacher
Teacher

Good question! After the Non-Cooperation Movement ended, the focus shifted to constructive work, establishing a grassroots connection with the rural population. This change was essential for the future movements.

Student 4
Student 4

That makes sense! It was about building support for future protests.

Teacher
Teacher

Precisely! By reaching out to the rural population, the Congress set the stage for future rallies and campaigns. Remember, it was all about building a strong foundation for the independence struggle.

Emergence of New Political Organizations

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Teacher
Teacher

Shifting gears now, let’s discuss the emergence of new political organizations. Why do you think this diversity in political ideologies was significant during this time?

Student 1
Student 1

Because it offered a wide range of methods and ideas to fight against British rule?

Teacher
Teacher

Exactly! The political landscape became rich with various ideologies. For instance, the RSS promoted Hindu nationalism, while the Communist Party focused on workers' rights and socialism, both responding to different segments of society. Can anyone explain how this diversification affected the national movement?

Student 2
Student 2

It likely encouraged more people to join based on their beliefs?

Teacher
Teacher

Right! This engagement was vital; it broadened support for a singular movement for independence. The more diverse the movement, the more comprehensive its appeal.

Student 3
Student 3

What about revolutionary nationalism?

Teacher
Teacher

Ah, a crucial aspect! Revolutionary movements like those led by Bhagat Singh sought immediate overthrow of British rule through direct action. How did they differ from Gandhi's approach?

Student 4
Student 4

They were more aggressive and willing to use violence?

Teacher
Teacher

Precisely! While Gandhi emphasized non-violence, the revolutionaries saw force as sometimes necessary to achieve liberation. This tension actually enriched the discussion about how to attain independence.

Purna Swaraj and Growing Demands for Independence

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Teacher
Teacher

Moving forward to 1929, we have the Congress declaring Purna Swaraj, or complete independence. What do you think this declaration meant for the Indian independence movement?

Student 1
Student 1

It was a clear call for total freedom from British rule instead of just demands for reforms?

Teacher
Teacher

Exactly! This marked a significant shift in the Congress’s strategy; they were no longer satisfied with mere changes within British governance. Can anyone recall the significance of January 26, 1930?

Student 2
Student 2

That’s when Independence Day was celebrated by people across India?

Teacher
Teacher

That's right! This day symbolized unity and the collective determination of Indians to achieve freedom. How do you see this unification playing out in subsequent movements?

Student 3
Student 3

It likely laid the groundwork for people to unite regardless of their political ideologies?

Teacher
Teacher

Absolutely! The push for Purna Swaraj catalyzed a nationwide desire for freedom, fostering solidarity among diverse groups and ideologies. This is crucial to our understanding of the independence movement.

Introduction & Overview

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Quick Overview

The section discusses the significant events in India between 1922 and 1929, highlighting the evolution of the Indian independence movement, particularly the Non-Cooperation Movement and the rise of revolutionary nationalism.

Standard

During the period from 1922 to 1929, Mahatma Gandhi halted the Non-Cooperation Movement following violent incidents, prompting the Congress to focus on constructive work. The emergence of new political parties like the RSS and the Communist Party, alongside revolutionary activities, marked a critical shift in the struggle for independence culminating in demands for complete sovereignty by 1929.

Detailed

In this section, we delve deep into the events and transformations that occurred in India between 1922 and 1929. Following the violent incident at Chauri Chaura, Mahatma Gandhi called off the Non-Cooperation Movement, prompting a reevaluation within the Congress regarding their strategies. Leaders began advocating for more active participation in councils and electoral politics. Meanwhile, new movements and organizations such as the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh and the Communist Party of India emerged. Revolutionary nationalists like Bhagat Singh pushed for immediate and radical change, culminating in actions like the assassination of Saunders and the bomb throw in the Central Legislative Assembly, aimed not at causing harm but to attract attention to the plight of Indians under colonial rule. This period ultimately concluded with the Congress's declaration of Purna Swaraj or complete independence in 1929, foreshadowing broader demands for freedom from British rule.

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Audio Book

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Gandhi's Response to Violence

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Mahatma Gandhi, as you know, was against violent movements. He abruptly called off the Non-Cooperation Movement when in February 1922, a crowd of peasants set fire to a police station in Chauri Chaura. Twenty-two policemen were killed on that day. The peasants were provoked because the police had fired on their peaceful demonstration.

Detailed Explanation

In February 1922, during a demonstration, a violent incident broke out in Chauri Chaura where peasants retaliated against police brutality by burning down a police station. Gandhi, who was committed to non-violence, felt he could not continue the Non-Cooperation Movement in light of this violence. He believed that resorting to violence betrayed the principles of peaceful resistance and unity he sought to establish among Indians.

Examples & Analogies

This situation is akin to a school where students protest against unfair rules, but when a fight breaks out, a teacher decides to stop the protest to teach the students a lesson about the importance of peaceful dialogue over aggression.

Shift Towards Constructive Work

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Once the Non-Cooperation movement was over, Gandhiji’s followers stressed that the Congress must undertake constructive work in the rural areas. Other leaders such as Chitta Ranjan Das and Motilal Nehru argued that the party should fight elections to the councils and enter them in order to influence government policies.

Detailed Explanation

After the disruption of the Non-Cooperation Movement, Gandhi's followers realized they needed to refocus their efforts on community-oriented projects to help improve the lives of Indians and to gather grassroots support. Leaders like Chitta Ranjan Das and Motilal Nehru proposed that the Congress Party should participate in local elections. By having a presence in the councils, they could advocate for policy changes and gain political leverage rather than relying solely on protests.

Examples & Analogies

Think of a community trying to improve a park. If the community simply protests for better conditions, they might face opposition. However, if they also work on organizing community clean-up events and engage with local government to better understand how to make changes, they can achieve more meaningful improvements over time.

Formation of New Organizations

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Two important developments of the mid-1920s were the formation of the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS), a Hindu organisation, and the Communist Party of India. A major figure in the freedom movement, Das was a lawyer especially active in the Non-Cooperation Movement.

Detailed Explanation

The 1920s saw the emergence of new political organizations that represented different ideological perspectives in India. The Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS) focused on Hindu nationalism, while the Communist Party of India aimed for a socialist revolution. These groups sought to mobilize support for their respective causes and influenced the larger national movement in diverse ways, shaping political discourse and community engagement throughout the decade.

Examples & Analogies

Imagine different sports teams forming as different organizations: one team plays for community pride, representing traditional values, while another team aims to engage youth in social issues through sports. Their strategies and approaches may differ, just as the RSS and the Communist Party of India did within the larger framework of the independence movement.

The Simon Commission's Outrage

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In 1927, the British government in England decided to send a commission headed by Lord Simon to decide India’s political future. The Commission had no Indian representative. The decision created an outrage in India. All political groups decided to boycott the Commission. When the Commission arrived, it was met with demonstrations with banners saying 'Simon Go Back.'

Detailed Explanation

When the Simon Commission was formed without including any Indian members, it sparked widespread protests across the country. Many Indians viewed this as a blatant disregard for Indian voices in decisions that directly affected their future. Political leaders unified against the Commission, highlighting the growing discontent with British governance and the demand for Indian representation in political matters.

Examples & Analogies

This situation can be compared to a committee formed to decide the rules of a game, but without including any players from the game itself. Naturally, players would be upset and protest the committee's decision-making process for not allowing their input, just as Indians protested against the Simon Commission.

Push for Complete Independence

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The decade closed with the Congress resolving to fight for Purna Swaraj (complete independence) in 1929 under the presidentship of Jawaharlal Nehru. Consequently, 'Independence Day' was observed on 26 January 1930 all over the country.

Detailed Explanation

In 1929, the Indian National Congress formally declared its commitment to achieving complete independence from British rule, which was referred to as Purna Swaraj. This resolution marked a significant shift in the movement, moving beyond demands for reforms to a clear call for total autonomy. The day, January 26th, was later celebrated as Independence Day, symbolizing the aspirations of the Indian people for freedom.

Examples & Analogies

This is like a team that has been trying to negotiate better terms from their management but realizes that complete independence—forming their own organization—is the only way to achieve their goals. They symbolically choose a day to recognize their determination in a similar way.

Definitions & Key Concepts

Learn essential terms and foundational ideas that form the basis of the topic.

Key Concepts

  • Non-Cooperation Movement: A non-violent protest strategy led by Gandhi to resist British rule.

  • Purna Swaraj: The declaration for complete independence from British rule made by the Congress.

  • RSS: A prominent Hindu nationalist organization that emerged during this period.

  • Revolutionary Nationalism: A radical approach involving direct action and often violence to achieve independence.

Examples & Real-Life Applications

See how the concepts apply in real-world scenarios to understand their practical implications.

Examples

  • The Non-Cooperation Movement promoted a mass boycott of British goods and institutions as a way to challenge colonial power.

  • The declaration of Purna Swaraj in 1929 shifted the Congress's strategy from seeking reforms to demanding total independence.

Memory Aids

Use mnemonics, acronyms, or visual cues to help remember key information more easily.

🎵 Rhymes Time

  • Gandhi said, 'No more strife, to Chauri Chaura we lost our life, let's build through peace, a movement rife.'

📖 Fascinating Stories

  • Imagine a peaceful crowd at Chauri Chaura, once united in their voices but turning to violence. Gandhi saw this as a betrayal of their struggle, leading him to stop the Non-Cooperation Movement.

🧠 Other Memory Gems

  • Remember the acronym ‘CAMP’ to recall the four key aspects of the independence movement during this time: Communities united, Actions taken, Movements ended, Politics diversified.

🎯 Super Acronyms

RAP

  • Revolutionary Action for Purna Swaraj. It stands for the radical actions advocating for total independence.

Flash Cards

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Glossary of Terms

Review the Definitions for terms.

  • Term: NonCooperation Movement

    Definition:

    A movement led by Mahatma Gandhi aiming to resist British rule through non-violent means.

  • Term: Purna Swaraj

    Definition:

    The concept of complete independence from British rule, officially declared by the Indian National Congress in 1929.

  • Term: RSS (Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh)

    Definition:

    A Hindu nationalist organization that promotes Hindu culture and values.

  • Term: Communist Party of India

    Definition:

    A political party advocating for the working class and socialist principles, emerging during the independence movement.

  • Term: Revolutionary Nationalism

    Definition:

    A form of nationalism advocating for direct action against colonial rule, often involving violence.