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5. Coordination Compounds

Coordination compounds form a crucial part of modern inorganic chemistry, exhibiting unique structures and properties that are foundational for biological systems and various industrial applications. Alfred Werner pioneered the theoretical framework for understanding coordination compounds, proposing key concepts regarding their bonding and structure. The chapter explores ligand types, isomerism, nomenclature, and the principles of valence bond and crystal field theories.

Sections

  • 5

    Coordination Compounds

    Coordination compounds are essential in inorganic chemistry and have significant applications in various fields, including biology and industry.

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  • 5.1

    Werner’s Theory Coordination Compounds

    This section covers Werner's pioneering theory of coordination compounds which discusses the bonding, structure, and classification of coordination entities.

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  • 5.2

    Definitions Of Some Important Terms Pertaining To Coordination Compounds

    This section defines essential terms related to coordination compounds, including coordination entities, central atoms, and ligands.

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  • 5.2.a

    Coordination Entity

    The coordination entity refers to a central metal atom or ion bonded to several ligands, playing a crucial role in the structure of coordination compounds.

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  • 5.2.b

    Central Atom/ion

    The central atom or ion in a coordination entity is crucial as it bonds with ligands to form a stable geometric structure.

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  • 5.2.c

    Ligands

    This section discusses ligands, their types, and roles in coordination compounds.

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  • 5.2.d

    Coordination Number

    This section provides an overview of Alfred Werner's coordination theory, highlighting the concepts of primary and secondary valences, and their implications in the structure and behavior of coordination compounds.

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  • 5.2.e

    Coordination Sphere

    The coordination sphere comprises the central atom/ion and the ligands directly bonded to it, defining the structure of coordination compounds.

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  • 5.2.f

    Coordination Polyhedron

    Alfred Werner was a pioneering Swiss chemist known for his groundbreaking work on coordination compounds, proposing the first systematic theory of these compounds.

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  • 5.2.g

    Oxidation Number Of Central Atom

    The oxidation number of the central atom in a coordination complex indicates the charge it would have if all ligands were removed with their shared electrons.

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  • 5.2.h

    Homoleptic And Heteroleptic Complexes

    This section defines homoleptic and heteroleptic complexes in coordination chemistry, explaining their differences based on ligand types.

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  • 5.3

    Nomenclature Of Coordination Compounds

    This section outlines the nomenclature system for coordination compounds, highlighting the rules for naming and formulating mononuclear entities based on IUPAC recommendations.

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  • 5.3.1

    Formulas Of Mononuclear Coordination Entities

    This section details the rules for writing formulas for mononuclear coordination entities, emphasizing the structure and organization of ligands and the central metal atom.

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  • 5.3.2

    Naming Of Mononuclear Coordination Compounds

    This section covers the systematic nomenclature of mononuclear coordination compounds, outlining key rules for formula writing and naming based on IUPAC guidelines.

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  • 5.4

    Isomerism In Coordination Compounds

    This section discusses isomerism in coordination compounds, focusing on the two main types: stereoisomerism and structural isomerism.

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  • 5.4.1

    5.4.1 Geometric Isomerism

    Geometrical isomerism refers to the different spatial arrangements of ligands around a central metal atom in coordination compounds, particularly observed in square planar and octahedral complexes.

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  • 5.4.2

    Optical Isomerism

    This section discusses optical isomerism, a type of stereoisomerism where molecules are mirror images but cannot be superimposed.

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  • 5.4.3

    Linkage Isomerism

    Linkage isomerism occurs in coordination compounds containing ambidentate ligands, leading to different structural arrangements based on which atom of the ligand is bonded to the metal.

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  • 5.4.4

    Coordination Isomerism

    Coordination isomerism arises from the arrangement of ligands in coordination complexes, leading to variations that exhibit different properties despite having the same molecular formula.

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  • 5.4.5

    Ionisation Isomerism

    Ionisation isomerism occurs when coordination compounds have the same formula but yield different ions in solution.

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  • 5.4.6

    Solvate Isomerism

    Solvate isomerism involves the differing arrangements of solvent molecules in a coordination compound formed with metal ions.

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  • 5.5

    Bonding In Coordination Compounds

    This section describes the bonding nature in coordination compounds through Werner's theories and modern concepts including Valence Bond Theory and Crystal Field Theory.

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  • 5.5.1

    Valence Bond Theory

    Valence Bond Theory explains the bonding in coordination compounds through hybridization of orbitals.

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  • 5.5.2

    Magnetic Properties Of Coordination Compounds

    This section discusses the magnetic properties of coordination compounds, emphasizing the role of unpaired electrons and various coordination geometries.

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  • 5.5.3

    Limitations Of Valence Bond Theory

    Valence Bond (VB) Theory explains the bonding in coordination compounds, but it has several limitations in interpreting their properties.

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  • 5.5.4

    Crystal Field Theory

    Crystal Field Theory explains the bonding in coordination compounds, focusing on how ligands cause the splitting of d-orbitals and how this affects the properties of metal complexes.

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  • 5.5.6

    Limitations Of Crystal Field Theory

    Crystal Field Theory (CFT) is effective in explaining various properties of coordination compounds but has notable limitations, especially concerning assumptions about ligand behavior and bonding.

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  • 5.5.5

    Colour In Coordination Compounds

    This section explores how coordination compounds exhibit a variety of colors resulting from d-d electronic transitions and crystal field splitting.

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  • 5.6

    Bonding In Metal Carbonyls

    Metal carbonyls are coordination compounds formed by transition metals with carbon monoxide ligands, exhibiting unique bonding characteristics.

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  • 5.7

    Importance And Applications Of Coordination Compounds

    Coordination compounds are essential in various fields, including biological systems and industry, due to their unique bonding properties.

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  • 5.8

    Summary

    This section outlines key concepts related to coordination compounds, including definitions, nomenclature, types of isomerism, and bonding theories.

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  • 5.9

    Exercises

    This section provides exercises to reinforce the understanding of coordination compounds, including concepts related to bonding, nomenclature, and isomerism.

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References

NCERT Study Material

Class Notes

Memorization

What we have learnt

  • Coordination compounds cons...
  • Isomerism in coordination c...
  • Understanding the bonding a...

Final Test

Revision Tests

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