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4. The d– and f-Block Elements

The d- and f-block elements, comprising transition metals and inner transition metals, are characterized by their unique electronic configurations, variable oxidation states, and metallic properties. Comprised of the elements from Groups 3-12 (d-block) and the lanthanides and actinides (f-block), these metals demonstrate significant trends in their physical and chemical behaviors, including high tensile strength, conductivity, and catalytic activity. The chapter further explores the preparation and properties of notable compounds such as potassium dichromate and permanganate, as well as the significance of lanthanoid and actinoid contractions.

Sections

  • 4

    The D- And F- Block Elements

    This section covers the properties, electronic configurations, oxidation states, and important compounds of d- and f-block elements.

    Learning Practice

  • 4.1

    The Transition Elements (D-Block) - Position In The Periodic Table

    This section covers the characteristics, properties, and significance of transition elements, particularly focusing on their electronic configurations and role in chemical reactions.

    Learning Practice

  • 4.2

    Electronic Configurations Of The D-Block Elements

    This section covers the electronic configurations of d-block and f-block elements, their positions in the periodic table, and their properties.

    Learning Practice

  • 4.2.1

    Electron Configuration In Transition Elements

    This section discusses the electron configurations of transition elements, their placement in the periodic table, and the stability of oxidation states.

    Learning Practice

  • 4.3

    General Properties Of The Transition Elements (D-Block)

    Transition elements exhibit unique properties due to their partially filled d-orbitals, leading to variable oxidation states, complex formation, and distinct physical properties.

    Learning Practice

  • 4.3.1

    Physical Properties

    The physical properties of transition elements reflect their metallic characteristics, including high melting points, hardness, and distinct crystal lattice structures.

    Learning Practice

  • 4.3.2

    Variation In Atomic And Ionic Sizes Of Transition Metals

    This section explores the trends in atomic and ionic sizes of transition metals, highlighting the factors that influence these variations.

    Learning Practice

  • 4.3.3

    Ionisation Enthalpies

    This section discusses the trends in ionisation enthalpies across the transition metals, focusing on their variations and the reasoning behind these patterns.

    Learning Practice

  • 4.3.4

    Oxidation States

    This section covers the oxidation states of transition and inner transition metals, including their characteristics, examples, and significance in chemical reactions.

    Learning Practice

  • 4.3.5

    Trends In The M²⁺/m Standard Electrode Potentials

    This section discusses the standard electrode potentials of transition metals in their M2+/M forms, highlighting trends such as the behavior of metals like copper and variations across the series.

    Learning Practice

  • 4.3.6

    Trends In The M³⁺/m²⁺ Standard Electrode Potentials

    This section examines the trends in the standard electrode potentials of M3+/M2+ for selected transition metals, highlighting the stability of different oxidation states and their implications on reactivity.

    Learning Practice

  • 4.3.7

    Trends In Stability Of Higher Oxidation States

    This section discusses the stability of higher oxidation states in transition metals, particularly focusing on their behavior in halides and oxides.

    Learning Practice

  • 4.3.8

    Chemical Reactivity And E⁰ Values

    This section discusses the chemical reactivity of transition metals and their electrode potential values, emphasizing their diverse reactions with acids and the significance of Eo values.

    Learning Practice

  • 4.3.9

    Magnetic Properties

    This section outlines the magnetic properties of substances, highlighting the distinction between diamagnetism and paramagnetism, with a focus on transition metals.

    Learning Practice

  • 4.3.10

    Formation Of Coloured Ions

    The section discusses how the formation of coloured ions arises from electron transitions among d-orbitals and the role of ligands.

    Learning Practice

  • 4.3.11

    Formation Of Complex Compounds

    This section discusses the formation of complex compounds by transition metals and highlights their unique properties and applications.

    Learning Practice

  • 4.3.12

    Catalytic Properties

    This section discusses the catalytic properties of transition metals and their compounds, emphasizing their ability to adopt multiple oxidation states and to form complexes.

    Learning Practice

  • 4.3.13

    Formation Of Interstitial Compounds

    Interstitial compounds are formed when small atoms occupy the spaces in metal lattices, resulting in unique physical and chemical properties.

    Learning Practice

  • 4.3.14

    Alloy Formation

    This section provides an overview of alloy formation, emphasizing the characteristics and importance of transition metals in creating various alloys.

    Learning Practice

  • 4.4

    Some Important Compounds Of Transition Elements

    Learning

  • 4.4.1

    Oxides And Oxoanions Of Metals

    Learning

  • 4.4.1.1

    Potassium Dichromate K2cr2o7

    Learning

  • 4.4.1.2

    In Acid Solutions:

    Learning

  • 4.4.1.3

    In Neutral Or Faintly Alkaline Solutions:

    Learning

  • 4.5

    Inner Transition Elements (F-Block) - Th E Lanthanoids

    The section discusses the properties, electronic configurations, and significance of d-block and f-block elements in the periodic table.

    Learning Practice

  • 4.5.1

    Electronic Configurations

    Learning

  • 4.5.2

    Atomic And Ionic Sizes

    Learning

  • 4.5.3

    Oxidation States

    Learning

  • 4.5.4

    General Characteristics

    Learning

  • 4.6

    The Actinoids

    Learning

  • 4.6.1

    Electronic Configurations

    Learning

  • 4.6.2

    Ionic Sizes

    Learning

  • 4.6.3

    Oxidation States

    Learning

  • 4.6.4

    General Characteristics And Comparison With Lanthanoids

    Learning

  • 4.7

    Some Applications Of D- And F-Block Elements

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  • 12

    Conclusion

    Learning

  • 12.1

    Summary Of D- And F- Block Elements

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  • 13

    Exercises

    The exercises section aims to reinforce the understanding of d-block and f-block elements, detailing their properties, electronic configurations, and trends.

    Learning Practice

References

NCERT Study Material

Class Notes

Memorization

What we have learnt

  • The electronic configuratio...
  • Transition metals exhibit v...
  • Lanthanoid contraction lead...

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