4.2.1. Sulfate Attack

Try these first

1. 1.

   What happens during sulfate attack?

   Hint

   Think about chemical reactions that change the structure of concrete.

2. 2.

   What is ettringite?

   Hint

   Recall it as a result of sulfate reacting with calcium.

3. 3.

   What is the main effect of sulfate attack on concrete?

   • Increased strength
   • Cracking and expansion
   • No effect

   Hint

   Consider what happens when sulfates react with concrete.

4. 4.

   True or False: Ettringite is beneficial for concrete.

   • True
   • False

   Hint

   Remember what ettringite does to concrete.

5. 5.

   Design a construction plan for a new highway bridge in a coastal area where sulfate levels are high. What materials and practices would you include to ensure durability against sulfate attack?

   Hint

   Consider both the composition of the concrete and the environmental conditions.

6. 6.

   Analyze a case study where a concrete structure suffered from sulfate attack. Identify key factors that contributed to the deterioration and propose solutions.

   Hint

   Think about what went wrong and how it could be fixed in future designs.