1.3.1. Individualistic Attitude

So, they are the most vulnerable so here, we look at the attitude of 2 risk; one is individualistic, the fear risk that would limit the market and constraints their ability to trade freely. Egalitarian; use the threat of catastrophic risk to generate solidarity, for example, global warming. Hierarchists fear risk that would upset the ranking of people okay. For example; crime or social deviance. Fatalists; don’t see the point of fearing any risk, it’s not like they can do anything about them.

In this section, different cultural perspectives on risk are explored. People can view risk in various ways depending on their beliefs and social structures. Individualists are often afraid of risks that could restrict their freedom in the market and limit their trading opportunities. On the other hand, egalitarians might utilize the fear of catastrophic risks, such as climate change, to bond people together and foster unity. Hierarchists are wary of risks that threaten social order or hierarchy, like crime. Finally, fatalists feel powerless against risks and believe that worrying about them is futile, as those risks are beyond their control.

Imagine a farmer who depends on the free market to sell his crops. If he fears that a drought could ruin his harvest and limit his sales, this risk keeps him up at night (individualistic perspective). Conversely, activists may use the threat of climate change to rally communities for a collective response, encouraging everyone to join hands against the challenge (egalitarian perspective). Meanwhile, a community leader might be worried about rising crime rates disrupting the social order, while a person who believes disasters are unavoidable might say, 'Why worry when the outcome is uncertain?' (fatalist perspective).

So, we are talking about this that how one see different way of looking at the risk from their cultural perspective so, it is not that risk is objective and his hazard dependent but it is more that how people are culturally when oriented, how their perception values are met as we see in each cases; individuals, egalitarian, hierarchists and fatalists.

This chunk emphasizes that risk is not a universal concept defined solely by the dangers it presents but is greatly influenced by cultural context. In other words, how people perceive risk differs based on their cultural backgrounds and values. For individualists, the idea of risk may revolve around personal freedom and market control. In contrast, egalitarians may view risks through a collective lens, promoting responsibility among the community. Hierarchists might see risk through the lens of societal stability, while fatalists could feel that risks are unavoidable and there's no value in fretting over them.

Think about how different communities might approach health risks. In a society that values individualism, people might choose their health choices based on personal benefits and market availability, whereas in a collectivist society, everyone might participate in community health initiatives, viewing the risks as a shared responsibility.

This idea was then little further developed by Steve Rayner, he was talking about polythetic concept of risk and that in generally, we consider risk is the probability of an adverse event and the magnitude of his consequence right, something will happen, an adverse event will happen and it has some consequences.

Steve Rayner extended the discussion of risk by introducing the polythetic concept, suggesting that risk isn't just about the potential probability of negative events occurring but also how different people perceive these risks based on their individual experiences and contexts. Traditional views of risk involve a straightforward calculation of the likelihood of an adverse event and its potential consequences. Rayner argues that it's more complex because risk perception varies among individuals and cultures, meaning there isn't a single understanding of what risk is.

Consider how people react to the risk of driving a car. For some, they only think about the statistical likelihood of an accident happening (the probability), while others might focus on the severe consequences of a crash (the magnitude). A busy parent might feel the risk is higher due to daily school runs, while a teenager might underestimate it.

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