Gravitational Fields

This section explores gravitational fields, including Newton's law of universal gravitation, gravitational field strength, potential energy, and orbital motion.

Newton’s Law Of Universal Gravitation

This section discusses Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation, explaining how all point masses attract each other proportionally to their masses and inversely to the square of their distance.

Gravitational Field Strength

Gravitational field strength refers to the gravitational force experienced per unit mass at a point in a gravitational field, demonstrating the interaction between mass and gravity.

Gravitational Potential And Gravitational Potential Energy

Orbital Motion

Orbital motion describes how objects, like satellites, move around a central mass due to gravitational attraction.

Summary Of Key Equations For Gravitational Fields

This section summarizes the key equations governing gravitational fields, focusing on Newton’s law of universal gravitation, gravitational field strength, potential, and energy.

Electric And Magnetic Fields

This section explores electric and magnetic fields, their relationships with charged particles and currents, and fundamental laws governing these interactions.

Electric Field Strength

Electric field strength is defined as the force per unit positive charge experienced by a test charge in the electric field created by other charges.

Coulomb’s Law

Coulomb's Law describes the force between two point charges, highlighting its dependence on the magnitude of charges and the distance between them.

Superposition Principle

The superposition principle states that the total electric field created by multiple point charges at a given point is the vector sum of the electric fields produced by each charge individually.

Electric Field Lines (Qualitative)

Electric field lines represent the direction and relative strength of an electric field around charges, helping visualize electrostatic interactions.

Magnetic Fields Due To Currents

This section discusses how electric currents generate magnetic fields, outlining fundamental principles governing the magnetic field around conductors, loops, and solenoids.

Lorentz Force

The Lorentz force describes the force experienced by a charged particle moving in an electric and magnetic field, essential for understanding particle dynamics in electromagnetic fields.

Worked Examples

Summary Of Key Equations For Electric And Magnetic Fields

This section summarizes the key equations governing electric and magnetic fields, including laws that describe the forces and interactions between charged particles and fields.

Motion In Electromagnetic Fields

This section explores the motion of charged particles in electric and magnetic fields, detailing the forces they experience and how these concepts apply to practical devices.

Motion Of Charged Particles In A Uniform Electric Field

This section focuses on analyzing the motion of charged particles in a uniform electric field, detailing the forces they experience and their resulting kinematics.

Motion In A Uniform Magnetic Field

This section covers the motion of charged particles within a uniform magnetic field, discussing the effects of the Lorentz force and the resulting circular and helical motion.

Combined Electric And Magnetic Fields: Velocity Selector

This section discusses how velocity selectors utilize perpendicular electric and magnetic fields to allow only charged particles with a specific velocity to pass undeflected, highlighting their application in devices like mass spectrometers.

Applications In Devices

This section explores how electromagnetic principles apply to devices like cathode-ray tubes and mass spectrometers.

Worked Example

This section provides a comprehensive worked example illustrating the calculations and principles of orbital mechanics within gravitational fields.

Summary Of Key Equations For Motion In Electromagnetic Fields

This section presents essential equations governing the motion of charged particles within electromagnetic fields, integrating concepts from electric and magnetic forces.

Electromagnetic Induction (Higher Level Only)

This section covers the principles of electromagnetic induction, including magnetic flux, Faraday's law, Lenz's law, and practical applications such as transformers and generators.

Magnetic Flux

Magnetic flux quantifies the amount of magnetic field passing through a surface and is central to the principle of electromagnetic induction.

Faraday’s Law Of Induction

Faraday’s Law of Induction asserts that a changing magnetic flux through a loop induces an electromotive force (emf) in that loop.

Lenz’s Law

Lenz's Law describes the direction of induced currents resulting from changes in magnetic flux, ensuring they oppose the change that produced them.

Induced Electric Field And Faraday’s Law In Integral Form

This section explores Faraday's law of induction, focusing on induced electric fields and their relation to changing magnetic fields.

Transformers

This section provides an understanding of transformers, highlighting their principles, functions, and applications in electrical systems.

Generators

This section covers the principles of electric generators, including how mechanical energy is converted into electrical energy through electromagnetic induction.

Eddy Currents And Energy Considerations

Eddy currents are induced currents that circulate within a conductor due to a changing magnetic field, causing energy losses and magnetic braking effects.

Worked Examples

This section presents worked examples that illustrate key concepts related to fields in physics, particularly in gravitational and electromagnetic contexts.

Summary Of Key Equations For Electromagnetic Induction

This section summarizes the fundamental equations governing electromagnetic induction, including magnetic flux, Faraday's law, and the functioning of transformers and generators.