2.1.1. Internal

Good morning, class! Today, we will discuss the concept of migration. To begin, can anyone tell me what we mean by 'migration'?

Is it when people move from one place to another?

Exactly! Migration is the permanent or semi-permanent movement of people from one place to another. Remember, we use the terms 'emigrant' for those leaving a location and 'immigrant' for those arriving at a new location. Think of it as the concept 'E goes Out, I comes In!'

What does 'net migration' mean?

Great question! Net migration is the difference between the number of immigrants and emigrants in a place. Just remember: Net = In - Out!

Can you give us an example?

Sure! A real-world example is that over 300,000 people migrate each year from Uttar Pradesh to Maharashtra for work. Let's remember that migration can significantly shape societies.

To sum up, migration involves moving from one place to another, influencing both the area left behind and the destination.

Now that we understand migration, let's take a closer look at its types. Can anyone list the types based on distance?

Internal and international!

Correct! Internal migration occurs within a country's borders—like a villager relocating to Delhi. International migration, however, involves moving to another country, such as an IT worker heading to the USA. Can you think of examples related to either type?

An internal example could be someone moving from Chandigarh to Mumbai for a job!

Exactly! Now, we also categorize migration by time. What are the two types based on time?

Permanent and seasonal?

Right again! Permanent migration means people are reestablishing their lives elsewhere, while seasonal migration involves temporary moves, like sugarcane harvesters migrating seasonally for work.

In summary, remember the two dimensions: distance (internal vs. international) and time (permanent vs. seasonal) in migration.

Now, let's discuss what motivates people to migrate. Can anyone guess the two main categories of causes?

Push reasons and pull reasons?

That's correct! Push factors are conditions that drive people away from their homes, like lack of jobs or natural disasters. Pull factors, on the other hand, attract people to new places, like better job opportunities or health services. Remember the acronym 'PUSH' for Push factors - Poverty, Unemployment, Security hazards, and Health issues.

Can you give us specific examples of each?

Of course! A push factor might be the lack of employment in rural areas, while a pull factor could be the allure of higher wages in big cities like Mumbai. Always think of migration as a response to needs and opportunities!

To recap, remember push factors drive people away and pull factors draw them in.

Now that we've explored why and how people migrate, let's look at the impacts of migration. What can you think of as a positive effect?

Economic growth due to remittances?

Exactly! When people migrate, they often send back money to their families, boosting the local economy, like how Keralites working abroad send remittances back home. However, what might be a negative effect?

Maybe overcrowding in cities where immigrants settle?

Yes! Overcrowding can lead to resource pressure in destination areas and labor shortages in origin areas. It's a balancing act between benefits and challenges.

To summarize, migration has both positive impacts, like cultural exchange and economic benefits, and negative impacts such as labor shortages and overcrowding.

To better understand migration, let’s look at our case study: migration from Kerala to Gulf countries. How many Keralites work in the UAE and Saudi Arabia?

I think about 2.5 million, right?

That’s correct! And they send back remittances amounting to ₹85,000 crores a year. This boosts Kerala's economy significantly, but what is one downside of this situation?

Families being separated for long periods?

In summary, case studies like Kerala's migration to the Gulf illustrate both economic advantages and the personal hardships faced by families.