4. Atomic Structure

Sections

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1. 4

   Atomic Structure

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   Atoms are the basic building blocks of matter, comprising subatomic...

2. 4.1

   Introduction

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   This section introduces the concept of atoms as the fundamental building...

3. 4.2

   What Is An Atom?

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   An atom is the smallest particle of an element that retains its chemical properties.

4. 4.3

   Historical Development Of Atomic Theory

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   This section outlines the key milestones in the development of atomic...

5. 4.3.1

   Democritus (400 Bc)

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   Democritus, a Greek philosopher, introduced the concept of atoms as...

6. 4.3.2

   John Dalton (1803) – Dalton’s Atomic Theory

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   Dalton’s Atomic Theory introduced the fundamental concept of atoms as the...

7. 4.4

   Discovery Of Subatomic Particles

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   This section discusses the discovery of subatomic particles: electrons,...

8. 4.4.1

   Electron

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   The electron is a subatomic particle with a negative charge, discovered by...

9. 4.4.2

   Proton

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   The proton is a positively charged subatomic particle discovered by Ernest...

10. 4.4.3

    Neutron

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    Neutrons are neutral subatomic particles discovered by James Chadwick in 1932.

11. 4.5

    Structure Of An Atom

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    The structure of an atom involves a central nucleus containing protons and...

12. 4.5.1

    Nucleus

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    The nucleus is the central part of an atom, containing protons and neutrons,...

13. 4.5.2

    Electron Shells (Orbits)

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    Electron shells are the specific regions around an atom's nucleus where...

14. 4.6

    Bohr’s Model Of The Atom (1913)

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    Bohr’s model describes how electrons travel in fixed orbits around the...

15. 4.7

    Atomic Number And Mass Number

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    Atomic number is the number of protons in an atom and determines its...

16. 4.7.1

    Atomic Number (Z)

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    The atomic number (Z) refers to the number of protons in an atom, defining...

17. 4.7.2

    Mass Number (A)

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    The mass number of an atom is the total count of protons and neutrons, which...

18. 4.8

    Representation Of An Atom

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    This section explains the representation of an atom using its atomic and...

19. 4.9

    Distribution Of Electrons – Electronic Configuration

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    This section explains how electrons are distributed in an atom, detailing...

20. 4.10

    Valency

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    Valency refers to the combining capacity of an atom, determined by the...

21. 4.10.1

    Octet Rule

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    The octet rule states that atoms tend to gain, lose, or share electrons to...

22. 4.10.2

    Rules To Find Valency

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    This section details the concept of valency, focusing on the rules to...

23. 4.11

    Isotopes And Isobars

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    This section discusses isotopes and isobars, explaining their definitions...

24. 4.11.1

    Isotopes

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    Isotopes are variants of the same element with the same atomic number but...

25. 4.11.2

    Isobars

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    Isobars are atoms of different elements that have the same mass number but...

26. 4.12

    Summary

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    Atoms are the foundational building blocks of matter, composed of subatomic...