1.1. Before the Greeks

Throughout antiquity, structural engineering existed as an art rather than a science. No record exists of any rational consideration, either as to the strength of structural members or as to the behavior of structural materials.

In ancient times, structural engineering was not considered a science as we see it today. Instead, it was viewed more as an art form. This means that builders didn’t rely on scientific principles; they used their instincts and practical experience. They built structures based on what they learned through hands-on practice rather than through theoretical knowledge or calculations. This shows that the approach to building was based more on tradition and skill rather than formal scientific understanding.

Think of an experienced chef who knows how to make a great dish from years of practice and culinary instinct rather than following a strict recipe. Just as the chef relies on their experience and intuition, ancient builders relied on their practical skills and knowledge passed down through generations.

The builders were guided by rules of thumbs and experience, which were passed from generation to generation, guarded by secrets of the guild, and seldom supplemented by new knowledge.

Ancient builders often followed specific guidelines known as 'rules of thumb'—simple principles that were not scientifically validated but proved effective. These guidelines were handed down generationally, ensuring that the knowledge remained within specific groups or guilds, often kept secret. This highlights a system of learning and building that was conservative and hesitant to change or innovate.

It’s similar to how family recipes are often passed down through generations with certain special twists that the family keeps secret. They may not be the most efficient way to cook something, but they work and have worked in the past, and that tradition is valued.

Despite this, structures erected before Galileo are by modern standards quite phenomenal (pyramids, Via Appia, aqueducts, Colosseums, Gothic cathedrals to name a few).

While the methodologies of ancient builders were rudimentary compared to modern standards, the structures they created are remarkable. This refers to incredible achievements such as the Egyptian pyramids and Roman aqueducts, which remain impressive even today for their size, durability, and architectural ingenuity. These feats show that even without modern scientific methods, builders were capable of creating lasting and monumental works.

Think about building a life-size sandcastle on the beach without any tools—just your hands. Even if your design is based on intuition, you can still create something magnificent. The ancient builders did the same on a much larger scale with lasting materials.

The first structural engineer in history seems to have been Imhotep, one of only two commoners to be deified. He was the builder of the step pyramid of Sakkara about 3,000 B.C., and yielded great influence over ancient Egypt.

Imhotep is often recognized as the first true structural engineer due to his innovative designs, most notably the Step Pyramid of Sakkara. His ability to create such a significant architectural structure during this period illustrates how advanced thought and skill were intertwined in the realm of construction even in ancient history. He was so respected that he was eventually deified, demonstrating his profound impact on society.

Consider a groundbreaking architect today who designs a famous skyscraper; they may earn great respect and even recognition in their field. In his time, Imhotep was this innovative figure, changing how people thought about buildings in ways that would last for millennia.

Hamurrabi’s code in Babylonia (1750 BC) included among its 282 laws penalties for those 'architects' whose houses collapsed.

Hammurabi’s code included laws that specifically addressed the responsibilities of builders and architects. If their structures failed, they were held accountable, which emphasizes the importance placed on safety and reliability in construction, even in ancient times. This necessity for accountability hints at a rudimentary understanding of structural integrity and the role of the builder in ensuring safety.

It’s similar to modern building codes that require architects and builders to adhere to safety standards. Just like if a modern building were to collapse due to negligence, the builders could face legal and financial repercussions, ancient builders faced consequences for their structural failures.

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