14 - Writing Effective User Stories
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Understanding User Stories
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Today, we're discussing user stories, a crucial part of Agile methodology. Can anyone tell me what a user story is?
Isn't it just a simple requirement or feature description?
Good start, Student_1! A user story is actually a short, simple description of a feature told from the perspective of the end user. It helps teams understand what the user needs.
Can you give us the standard format for writing one?
Absolutely! The standard format is: 'As a [type of user], I want [goal], so that [reason/benefit].'
Whatβs an example of a user story?
Sure! For instance, 'As a job seeker, I want to upload my resume, so that I can apply for jobs quickly.'
To remember this format, think of the acronym **A.G.R.E.E** β **A**s a user, **G**oal, **R**eason, **E**njoy, ensuring clarity. Great! Let's move on.
So, are all user stories sufficient?
Great question! Not all user stories are effective. They need to adhere to certain quality criteria known as the INVEST criteria.
INVEST Criteria
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Can anyone tell me what the INVEST criteria stand for?
Is it about making good user stories?
Exactly! INVEST helps ensure that stories are Independent, Negotiable, Valuable, Estimable, Small, and Testable.
What do you mean by Independent?
Great question! Independent means the story should be deliverable without dependencies on other stories.
What about Value? How is that different from being Negotiable?
Value indicates the user story should provide tangible benefits to the user. Negotiable means it can evolve through discussions, rather than being fixed at the onset.
A mnemonic to remember this could be **I.N.V.E.S.T.** β Think of it as investing in quality user stories!
What happens if they don't meet these criteria?
If they fail to meet these criteria, they might confuse the team or result in incomplete implementations.
Acceptance Criteria
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Now let's discuss acceptance criteria. Who can tell me what they are?
Are they requirements that need to be met for a user story to be done?
Yes! Acceptance criteria define the boundaries and specific conditions for acceptance of a user story.
Can you show us some examples?
Certainly! For example, 'A reset password link is sent to the registered email,' or 'The link expires in 24 hours.'
How do these align with user stories?
They ensure clarity, testability, and create a shared understanding between stakeholders and the development team.
Are there any languages used for writing acceptance criteria?
Absolutely! One popular method is using Gherkin language, allowing us to write tests in a readable format.
Gherkin Language
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In Gherkin, we write scenarios using the Given-When-Then format. Can anyone explain what these terms mean?
Isn't 'Given' the initial situation?
Correct! And 'When' describes the action, while 'Then' specifies the expected outcomes.
Can you give us an example?
"Sure! An example for 'Password Reset' could be:
Tips for Writing Effective User Stories
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Finally, let's review some best practices for writing effective user stories. What do you think is important?
Collaboration with the stakeholders sounds crucial!
Absolutely! Collaboration ensures clarity and alignment on requirements.
Should we visualize the stories, too?
Great point! Including visuals, like wireframes, is beneficial, especially for UI impacts.
How do we prioritize the stories?
Prioritizing based on business value is essential. We also recommend using a Definition of Ready checklist before adding stories to sprints.
Anything else we should remember?
Always ensure your stories are testable. If it can't be tested, it's considered not ready!
To summarize today, we explored what user stories are, the INVEST criteria, the significance of acceptance criteria, Gherkin language, and useful writing tips.
Introduction & Overview
Read summaries of the section's main ideas at different levels of detail.
Quick Overview
Standard
Writing effective user stories is crucial in Agile projects as they express functional requirements from the end user's perspective. This section details the standard format for user stories, the INVEST criteria for ensuring quality, and the importance of acceptance criteria. It also introduces the use of Gherkin language for writing test scenarios and offers practical tips for crafting user stories.
Detailed
Writing Effective User Stories
In Agile projects, user stories serve as the primary method for expressing functional requirements tailored to the needs of the end user. Writing clear and testable user stories is essential for Business Analysts to ensure the development team delivers what the business needs.
What is a User Story?
A user story is a brief description of a feature from the end user's perspective. The standard format includes:
- As a [type of user],
- I want [goal],
- So that [reason/benefit].
Example:
"As a job seeker, I want to upload my resume so that I can apply for jobs quickly."
INVEST Criteria for Good User Stories
The INVEST model is a checklist used to confirm high-quality, actionable user stories:
- Independent: The story should be self-contained and deliverable without dependencies.
- Negotiable: It should be a placeholder for conversation, not a fixed contract.
- Valuable: The story must deliver value to the user or customer.
- Estimable: It needs to be clear enough for accurate effort estimation.
- Small: The story should be small enough to complete within a single sprint.
- Testable: Clear acceptance criteria must be established to validate completion.
Acceptance Criteria
Acceptance criteria define the boundaries and conditions that a user story needs to meet for it to be considered βdone.β Examples include:
- A reset password link is sent to the registered email.
- The link expires after 24 hours.
- The user is prompted to enter a new password upon clicking the link.
Gherkin Language for Acceptance Criteria
Gherkin is a structured language used in Behavior-Driven Development (BDD) to write acceptance tests in a GivenβWhenβThen format, encouraging readability:
- Given: Precondition or setup
- When: Action or event
- Then: Expected outcome
Gherkin Example:
Feature: Password Reset Scenario: Successful password reset request Given the user is on the login page And the user clicks on "Forgot Password" When the user submits their registered email address Then a reset link should be sent to that email And the link should expire in 24 hours
Tips for Writing Effective User Stories
- Collaborate with stakeholders for clarity and alignment.
- Write testable stories β if it canβt be assessed, itβs not ready.
- Include visuals (e.g., wireframes) if the story impacts UI design.
- Prioritize stories based on business value.
- Utilize a Definition of Ready (DoR) checklist prior to adding stories to sprints.
In summary, "A great user story tells a mini-story with a purpose β and leaves no room for confusion."
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What is a User Story?
Chapter 1 of 5
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Chapter Content
A user story is a short, simple description of a feature told from the perspective of the end user.
π Standard Format:
As a [type of user],
I want [goal],
So that [reason/benefit].
π Example:
As a job seeker,
I want to upload my resume,
So that I can apply for jobs quickly.
Detailed Explanation
A user story is a concise way to describe a feature or requirement from the perspective of the user. It uses a simple structure to clarify who the user is, what they want to achieve, and why this is important. The format helps teams understand the end goal behind a feature, making it easier to prioritize and develop.
For instance, in the example provided, a job seeker expresses the desire to upload their resume to streamline the job application process. This captures the essence of the user's need and the benefit they seek.
Examples & Analogies
Think of a user story like a movie trailer. Just as a trailer gives you a glimpse of the main plot and excites you about what's to come without revealing everything, a user story summarizes the key elements of a feature without going into too much detail.
INVEST Criteria for Good User Stories
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Chapter Content
The INVEST model is a checklist to ensure high-quality, actionable user stories.
- I: Independent - The story should be self-contained and deliverable without dependencies.
- N: Negotiable - It should be a placeholder for conversation, not a fixed contract.
- V: Valuable - The story should deliver value to the user or customer.
- E: Estimable - It must be clear enough to estimate effort accurately.
- S: Small - The story should be small enough to complete within a single sprint.
- T: Testable - The story must have clear acceptance criteria to validate completion.
Detailed Explanation
The INVEST criteria are essential attributes that help ensure user stories are effective and useful:
- Independent: Each story should be self-sufficient, allowing teams to implement it without needing to rely on others.
- Negotiable: User stories should encourage discussion and modification rather than being rigid.
- Valuable: They must provide value, ensuring that the user gains something beneficial from the feature.
- Estimable: Stories should be clear enough for the team to gauge how much work is required.
- Small: A story should be manageable, so it can be completed within a single iteration (sprint).
- Testable: There must be criteria for determining when the story is considered done. This provides clarity for both the team and stakeholders.
Examples & Analogies
Imagine planning a trip. You wouldn't want each segment of your journey to depend on another (like a flight dependent on a train). You would prefer each trip leg to be organized independently, flexible enough to adjust plans, ensure each part provides fun (like visiting a landmark), and manageable in duration.
Acceptance Criteria
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Chapter Content
Acceptance criteria define boundaries and conditions that the user story must meet to be accepted as done. They ensure clarity, testability, and shared understanding between stakeholders and the development team.
β Examples:
- A reset password link is sent to the registered email.
- The link expires after 24 hours.
- The user is prompted to enter a new password upon clicking the link.
Detailed Explanation
Acceptance criteria are critical elements that specify what needs to be achieved for a user story to be considered complete. These criteria set clear expectations for quality and functionality, helping both developers and stakeholders to understand when the deliverable meets the requirements.
For example, for a password reset feature, the acceptance criteria outline specific requirements, such as sending a link that has a time limit, to ensure security.
Examples & Analogies
Consider cooking a dish. The recipe (acceptance criteria) outlines the specific steps and ingredients you need to create the dish properly. If one ingredient is missing or a step is skipped, the final dish wonβt be what you expected. Similarly, acceptance criteria guarantee that developers and stakeholders are aligned on expectations.
Gherkin Language for Acceptance Criteria
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Chapter Content
Gherkin is a structured language used in Behavior-Driven Development (BDD) to write acceptance tests in a readable GivenβWhenβThen format.
𧩠Gherkin Syntax:
- Given - Precondition or setup
- When - Action or event
- Then - Expected outcome
- And - Additional steps in sequence
π Gherkin Example (Password Reset)
Feature: Password Reset
Scenario: Successful password reset request
Given the user is on the login page
And the user clicks on "Forgot Password"
When the user submits their registered email address
Then a reset link should be sent to that email
And the link should expire in 24 hours.
Detailed Explanation
Gherkin provides a way to describe application behavior in a simple, understandable language. The Given-When-Then structure makes it easy to outline a scenario in which a certain action occurs and the expected results. It serves as a bridge between non-technical stakeholders and developers, enabling everyone to be on the same page regarding functionality.
In the provided example, it details a scenario for resetting a password in a straightforward manner, ensuring clarity in what should occur at each step.
Examples & Analogies
Think about writing a script for a play. Each line of dialogue declares what needs to happenβwho sets the scene (Given), what action a character takes (When), and what outcome or reaction follows (Then). This structure helps everyone involved understand their role and the storyβs flow.
Tips for Writing Effective User Stories
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Chapter Content
β Collaborate with stakeholders for clarity and alignment
β Write testable stories β if it canβt be tested, itβs not ready
β Include visuals (wireframes) if the story impacts UI
β Prioritize stories based on business value
β Use a Definition of Ready (DoR) checklist before adding stories to sprints.
Detailed Explanation
To ensure that user stories are as effective as possible, applying a set of practical tips can enhance the quality:
- Collaboration: Engage stakeholders to get the right context and feedback.
- Testability: Ensure each story can be tested practically; if it can't, it may not be sufficiently developed.
- Visuals: When relevant, provide wireframes to visualize the UI design aspects.
- Prioritization: Focus on stories that provide the most value to the business to ensure impactful development.
- Definition of Ready: Use a checklist to confirm that stories are properly defined before they enter a sprint.
Examples & Analogies
Consider planning a group project. Working collaboratively ensures everyone understands their roles, just like involving stakeholders in user story creation keeps the development team aligned. Using a checklist before project kickoff is like inspecting tools and resources to ensure everything is ready for action.
Key Concepts
-
User Story: A description of a feature from the end user's perspective.
-
INVEST Criteria: Quality criteria for user stories: Independent, Negotiable, Valuable, Estimable, Small, Testable.
-
Acceptance Criteria: Conditions defining the completion of a user story.
-
Gherkin Language: A language for writing BDD tests using Given-When-Then syntax.
Examples & Applications
Bad User Story: 'Create a login system.' Good User Story: 'As a user, I want to log into the portal so that I can access my dashboard.'
Acceptance Criteria Example: 'A reset password link is sent to the registered email and expires after 24 hours.'
Memory Aids
Interactive tools to help you remember key concepts
Rhymes
When writing a story, donβt just be hasty, make sure itβs clear and always test-y!
Stories
Imagine a user, looking for a feature. Write their story to make development easier!
Memory Tools
Remember I.N.V.E.S.T: I for Independent, N for Negotiable, V for Valuable, E for Estimable, S for Small, T for Testable.
Acronyms
Think of the acronym A.G.R.E.E.**
A**s a user
**G**oal
**R**eason
**E**njoy back to your users while crafting stories!
Flash Cards
Glossary
- User Story
A short description of a feature from the perspective of an end user.
- INVEST
Criteria for evaluating user stories: Independent, Negotiable, Valuable, Estimable, Small, and Testable.
- Acceptance Criteria
Conditions that a user story must meet to be accepted as completed.
- Gherkin Language
A structured language for writing test cases in Behavior-Driven Development (BDD) using Given-When-Then format.
Reference links
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