2.3.1 - Functional Classification of Towns
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Introduction to Human Settlements
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Today, we're learning about human settlements. Can anyone tell me what a human settlement means?
Isn't it just where people live, like villages and cities?
Exactly! A human settlement is a place where people live, work, and interact. It can range from small hamlets to large cities. Let's remember this with the acronym H.S.C. for Human Settlement Concepts!
What about how these settlements differ?
Good question! Settlements differ primarily in their economic activities and social structures. Urban settlements focus on industry and services, whereas rural ones focus on agriculture.
So, does that mean urban areas are more complex?
Yes! Urban areas have a complex social structure and more formal relations, compared to the intimate connections typically found in rural areas.
To summarize, human settlements range in size and economic activity, differentiating rural from urban spaces.
Types of Rural Settlements
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Now, let's dive into the types of rural settlements in India. Who can name one?
There are clustered settlements, right?
Correct! Clustered settlements are compact areas with houses close together. They have common spaces or streets, making them efficient for community interaction. Remember C.C.C., for Clustered Community Care!
What about the other types?
We also have semi-clustered, hamleted, and dispersed settlements. Semi-clustered has mixed features, hamleted refers to segments within a larger village, and dispersed means homes are spread out. Each contributes uniquely based on geography and society.
What influences where these settlements are built?
Key factors include physical features, culture, and security. These impact how and why communities form in certain areas.
To conclude, rural settlements vary in structure and type, influenced by numerous factors.
Functional Classifications of Urban Towns
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Next, let’s discuss urban towns and their functions. Can anyone describe what kind of functions towns serve?
I think towns serve administrative, industrial, and commercial functions?
Excellent! Each town may focus on specific functions based on historical development and resources.
What are some examples of these towns?
Administrative towns include Chandigarh and Bhopal, while industrial towns might be Jamshedpur and Bhilai. These specialized roles help shape urban landscapes.
How do towns change over time?
Great question! Towns evolve and become multifunctional as they grow, interconnecting various roles in society. For instance, a town may start as an industrial hub but develop into a commercial and educational center over time.
In summary, urban towns are functionally diverse, shaped by historical context and evolving societal needs.
Evolution of Towns
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Finally, let’s look at the evolution of towns in India. How did towns develop over time?
I believe they started from ancient times, right?
Exactly! Ancient towns were often religious or cultural centers, such as Varanasi and Madurai. Key point to remember: R.E.C. – Religious and Economic Centers.
What about modern towns?
Modern towns emerged with colonial influences and industrialization, focused on administrative roles and commerce. Towns like Mumbai and Kolkata are prime examples of this shift.
Are there still changes happening today?
Yes, towns continue to evolve, especially with urbanization. The Smart Cities Mission aims to enhance infrastructure and sustainability in urban areas.
To conclude, towns have a rich history and are continuously changing based on cultural, economic, and technological developments.
Introduction & Overview
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Quick Overview
Standard
The section examines human settlements, categorizing them into rural and urban types based on their economic activities and structures. It highlights their functional relationships, types of rural settlements in India, and the evolution of towns over historical periods, informing readers about the diverse characteristics of settlements.
Detailed
Functional Classification of Towns
Human settlements are clusters where people live, varying in size and type from hamlets to metropolitan cities. Settlements are primarily categorized into rural and urban based on their economic bases and social structures. Rural settlements derive their sustenance from agriculture or primary economic activities while urban areas specialize in manufacturing and services.
Key Differences:
- Economic Basis: Rural settlements focus on land-based activities, while urban areas emphasize processing and services.
- Social Interaction: Rural life is characterized by intimate social relations, whereas urban life tends to be more complex and formal.
The types of rural settlements in India include:
1. Clustered Settlements: Compact living areas with identifiable common spaces.
2. Semi-Clustered Settlements: Characterized by a mixture of clustering and dispersed elements.
3. Hamleted Settlements: Segmented areas within larger villages, often linked by social structure.
4. Dispersed Settlements: Isolated houses or clusters spread over a wide area.
Urban towns can be classified into ancient, medieval, and modern based on historical development. Each urban type serves specific functions such as administrative, industrial, commercial, educational, and religious roles. The evolution of towns and the changing dynamics of urbanization play significant roles in shaping functional classifications.
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Introduction to Functional Classification of Towns
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Towns based on modern industries also evolved after 1850. Jamshedpur can be cited as an example. Apart from their role as central or nodal places, many towns and cities perform specialised services.
Detailed Explanation
In this introduction, we learn that towns have evolved significantly since the mid-19th century, particularly due to industrialization. Towns like Jamshedpur showcase this evolution as they became centers for specific industries. Besides serving as central locations for populations, many towns have developed a specialization in certain services and functions.
Examples & Analogies
Think of towns like Jamshedpur as similar to specialized hospitals, which focus primarily on certain medical services. Just as a specialized hospital caters to unique health needs, certain towns cater to specific industries and services.
Administrative Towns
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Towns supporting administrative headquarters of higher order are administrative towns, such as Chandigarh, New Delhi, Bhopal, Shillong, Guwahati, Imphal, Srinagar, Gandhinagar, Jaipur, Chennai, etc.
Detailed Explanation
Administrative towns serve as governance centers where local or national government offices and representatives operate. These towns are crucial for political functions and public administration. The mentioned towns are examples where significant governmental activities occur, indicating their importance in the governance structure.
Examples & Analogies
Imagine these administrative towns as the 'city halls' of various regions, where decisions are made and services are coordinated, much like how you go to a city hall for official documents or discussions.
Industrial Towns
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Industries constitute prime motive force of these cities, such as Mumbai, Salem, Coimbatore, Modinagar, Jamshedpur, Hugli, Bhilai, etc.
Detailed Explanation
Industrial towns are primarily driven by manufacturing and industrial activities. They often host factories and production facilities, which provide employment opportunities and contribute significantly to economic output. The examples given highlight the various towns across India that have developed around industrial activities.
Examples & Analogies
Consider these industrial towns like production lines in a factory that operate robustly and efficiently. Just as a factory's success relies on stable production, these towns thrive on industrial activities.
Transport Cities
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They may be ports primarily engaged in export and import activities such as Kandla, Kochchi, Vishakhapatnam, etc., or hubs of inland transport, such as Agra, Dhulia, Mughalsarai, Itarsi, Katni, etc.
Detailed Explanation
Transport cities function primarily as nodes in transportation networks. They facilitate the movement of goods and people both nationally and internationally. Those identified as ports handle shipping, while inland hubs manage the transport of goods via roads and railways.
Examples & Analogies
Imagine a transport city as a bus or train station where people come and go constantly. Just like how a station connects various destinations, these cities connect different regions economically by facilitating trade.
Commercial Towns
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Towns and cities specialising in trade and commerce are kept in this class. Kolkata, Saharanpur, Satna, etc., are some examples.
Detailed Explanation
Commercial towns thrive on trade and economic exchanges. They serve as marketplaces where goods are bought and sold. The examples provided illustrate that such towns are pivotal for commerce in specific regions, offering a hub for retail and economic activity.
Examples & Analogies
Think of commercial towns as bustling marketplaces, similar to popular shopping malls where various stores offer a wide range of products. They attract people seeking to buy and trade goods.
Mining Towns
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These towns have developed in mineral rich areas such as Raniganj, Jharia, Digboi, Ankaleshwar, Singrauli, etc.
Detailed Explanation
Mining towns are formed to support the extraction of mineral resources. These towns provide housing and services to workers involved in mining activities, playing a vital role in resource management and economic development of the area.
Examples & Analogies
Imagine a mining town like a camp set up near a treasure site. Just as a camp provides support and living arrangements for treasure hunters, mining towns support workers extracting valuable resources.
Educational Towns
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Starting as centers of education, some of the towns have grown into major campus towns, such as Roorki, Varanasi, Aligarh, Pilani, Allahabad, etc.
Detailed Explanation
Educational towns are characterized by the presence of educational institutions and related services. These towns draw students and educators, creating a vibrant academic community that drives local economies and cultures.
Examples & Analogies
Think of educational towns like university campuses extended over a town. Just as universities create a learning environment, these towns foster a culture of education and learning through the presence of various institutions.
Religious and Cultural Towns
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Varanasi, Mathura, Amritsar, Madurai, Puri, Ajmer, Pushkar, Tirupati, Kurukshetra, Haridwar, Ujjain came to prominence due to their religious/cultural significance.
Detailed Explanation
These towns are notable for their religious and cultural importance, often attracting pilgrims and tourists alike. They serve as sites for spiritual activities, festivals, and celebrations, threading rich histories and traditions into their communities.
Examples & Analogies
Consider religious towns as the pilgrimage sites in a spiritual journey. Just as people travel to these sites for spiritual rejuvenation, these towns serve as important cultural and historical wells for society.
Tourist Towns
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Nainital, Mussoorie, Shimla, Pachmarhi, Jodhpur, Jaisalmer, Udagamandalam (Ooty), Mount Abu are some of the tourist destinations.
Detailed Explanation
Tourist towns are designed to welcome visitors, showcasing natural beauty, historical landmarks, and recreational activities. They cater specifically to travelers and contribute significantly to local economies through tourism.
Examples & Analogies
Think of tourist towns like theme parks that attract visitors for entertainment and experiences. Just as a theme park offers rides and attractions for fun, these towns offer scenic views and cultural experiences for tourists.
Dynamic Nature of Cities
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The cities are not static in their function. The functions change due to their dynamic nature.
Detailed Explanation
Cities are constantly evolving; they do not remain fixed in their roles. As populations grow and economies change, the functions of cities adapt, often combining various roles and services over time.
Examples & Analogies
Consider a city like a big river that changes its course due to new paths. Just as a river adapts and creates new tributaries, cities adjust their functions to meet the needs of their residents.
Key Concepts
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Human Settlement: A cluster where people live, which can vary in size and purpose.
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Rural vs Urban: Rural areas focus on primary economic activities; urban areas emphasize secondary and tertiary activities.
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Types of Rural Settlements: Includes clustered, semi-clustered, hamleted, and dispersed.
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Urban Functionality: Urban towns serve various specific functions such as administrative, industrial, commercial, and more.
Examples & Applications
Clustered settlements in rural India typically consist of closely packed houses and shared common areas, such as small villages in the Ganges Delta.
Modern towns like Chandigarh and Bhilai serve as administratively and industrially important centers, demonstrating urban functional diversity.
Memory Aids
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Rhymes
In clustered homes, we all share space, rural life is a close-knit place.
Stories
Once in a land with cities bright, clustered and urban were in sight. As towns evolved through histories spun, they grew from small to large, one by one.
Memory Tools
Remember: 'C.S.S.D.' for Clustered, Semi-clustered, Hamleted, and Dispersed settlements.
Acronyms
U.A.C - Urban Areas Centralize
indicating diversified functions of urban towns.
Flash Cards
Glossary
- Human Settlement
A cluster where people live, characterized by housing and economic activity.
- Urban Settlement
A densely populated area with concentrated non-agricultural activities.
- Rural Settlement
A less densely populated area primarily engaged in agriculture or primary activities.
- Clustered Settlement
A settlement type where houses are built closely together, often sharing common spaces.
- Administrative Town
A town that serves as an administrative center.
- Industrial Town
A town primarily focused on manufacturing and industrial activities.
- Commercial Town
A town specializing in trade and commerce.
- Dispersed Settlement
A type of rural settlement where homes are spread out over large areas.
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