7.3. Political Consequences

One of the debates that has been generated as a consequence of contemporary processes of globalisation relates to its ongoing political impact. How does globalisation affect traditional conceptions of state sovereignty? There are at least three aspects that we need to consider when answering this question.

Globalisation significantly influences how states operate and their authority. Traditional notions of state sovereignty, which emphasize a government's absolute control over its territory and affairs, are challenged by global interconnections. The growing interdependence among nations can sometimes limit a state's power to act independently, as global issues often transcend borders. This piece invites us to explore the specifics of how globalisation alters the dynamics of state authority and effectiveness.

Consider how countries respond to climate change. Individual states may feel pressured to comply with international agreements, which can limit their local policies. For instance, a country wanting to industrialize might have to abide by environmental regulations imposed by global treaties, thus reducing its autonomy in decision-making.

At the most simple level, globalisation results in an erosion of state capacity, that is, the ability of government to do what they do. All over the world, the old ‘welfare state’ is now giving way to a more minimalist state that performs certain core functions such as the maintenance of law and order and the security of its citizens. However, it withdraws from many of its earlier welfare functions directed at economic and social well-being.

Globalisation has led many governments to adopt a minimalist approach, focusing primarily on essential functions like security and law enforcement. This shift often means less investment in social welfare programs that support education, healthcare, and housing. Consequently, the responsibility to provide for citizens' well-being is increasingly handed over to market forces, which may not prioritize the needs of the vulnerable population.

For example, think about how the reduction in government-funded healthcare can lead to increased reliance on private health insurance. Many individuals could find themselves without adequate health coverage, as the state has withdrawn from its commitment to ensure that all citizens receive essential healthcare services.

At the same time, globalisation does not always reduce state capacity. The primacy of the state continues to be the unchallenged basis of political community. The old jealousies and rivalries between countries have not ceased to matter in world politics.

While globalisation may diminish some aspects of state function, the state remains crucial in maintaining order and community. Traditional rivalries and national interests still shape political actions globally. This chunk highlights that despite globalisation, the state plays an essential role in political identity and governance.

For instance, during international disputes, such as trade wars, nations often prioritize their interests and impose tariffs despite being part of global trade agreements. This indicates that the desire to maintain sovereignty and national interest can override the pressures of global interconnectedness.

In some respects state capacity has received a boost as a consequence of globalisation, with enhanced technologies available at the disposal of the state to collect information about its citizens. With this information, the state is better able to rule, not less able.

Globalisation, particularly through technological advancements, can enhance a government's ability to manage and surveil its population. With better data collection and communication tools, states can respond more efficiently to threats and administer services more effectively. This resonates with the paradox where globalisation can both empower and limit state authority.

Consider how governments can use technology for national security. After events like 9/11, many governments globally adopted more sophisticated surveillance technologies to monitor citizens and prevent terrorism, demonstrating how globalisation's technological aspect can reinforce state power.

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