Civil Engineering Materials, Testing & Evaluation - Vol 2 | 28. Steel: Classification and Properties by Abraham | Learn Smarter
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28. Steel: Classification and Properties

28. Steel: Classification and Properties

The chapter covers the classification, manufacturing processes, properties, corrosion behavior, mechanical testing, and applications of steel and aluminum in civil engineering. It highlights the importance of both metals in construction and their different applications based on their unique properties. Additionally, it discusses the modern advancements in steel and aluminum production towards sustainability and efficiency, including the development of green steel and recycled aluminum.

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  1. 1
    Steel: Classification And Properties

    This section discusses the classification and properties of steel,...

  2. 1.1
    Classification Of Steel

    This section discusses the various classifications of steel based on carbon...

  3. 1.1.A
    Based On Carbon Content

    This section classifies steel based on carbon content, explaining the...

  4. 1.1.A.1
    Low Carbon Steel (Mild Steel)

    Low Carbon Steel, also known as mild steel, contains a carbon content of up...

  5. 1.1.A.2
    Medium Carbon Steel

    Medium carbon steel is a type of steel characterized by its carbon content,...

  6. 1.1.A.3
    High Carbon Steel

    High carbon steel has a carbon content ranging from 0.60% to 1.4%, making it...

  7. 1.1.B
    Based On Alloying Elements

    This section covers the classification of steel based on alloying elements,...

  8. 1.1.B.1
    Plain Carbon Steel

    Plain carbon steel is a foundational type of steel comprising mainly iron...

  9. 1.1.B.2

    Alloy steel is characterized by the addition of alloying elements that...

  10. 1.1.C
    Based On Method Of Manufacturing

    This section provides insights into the classification of steel based on the...

  11. 1.1.C.1
    Killed Steel

    Killed steel is a type of steel that has been fully deoxidized during...

  12. 1.1.C.2
    Semi-Killed Steel

    Semi-killed steel is a type of steel that is partially deoxidized during its...

  13. 1.1.C.3
    Rimmed Steel

    Rimmed Steel is a type of steel characterized by poor deoxidization,...

  14. 1.1.D
    Based On Microstructure

    This section discusses the classification of steel based on its...

  15. 1.1.D.1
    Ferritic Steel

    Ferritic steel is a type of steel characterized by its magnetic properties...

  16. 1.1.D.2
    Austenitic Steel

    Austenitic steel is a type of stainless steel characterized by its...

  17. 1.1.D.3
    Martensitic Steel

    Martensitic steel is a critical type of steel known for its hardness and...

  18. 1.1.D.4
    Pearlitic Steel

    Pearlitic steel is characterized by its unique microstructure which provides...

  19. 2
    Manufacturing Of Steel

    This section explores the processes involved in steel manufacturing...

  20. 2.1
    Primary Steelmaking

    This section discusses the processes involved in primary steelmaking,...

  21. 2.2
    Secondary Steelmaking (Refining)

    Secondary steelmaking, also known as refining, involves processes to...

  22. 2.3
    Steel Casting And Forming

    This section discusses the various methods of casting and forming steel to...

  23. 2.1.A
    Blast Furnace – Basic Oxygen Furnace (Bf-Bof) Process

    The BF-BOF process is a primary method for steel production, utilizing iron...

  24. 2.1.A.1
    Raw Materials

    The section covers the classification and manufacturing methods of steel and...

  25. 2.1.A.2

    This section delves into the types of steel and their manufacturing...

  26. 2.1.A.3
    Output
  27. 2.1.B
    Electric Arc Furnace (Eaf) Process

    The Electric Arc Furnace (EAF) process is a key steel production method that...

  28. 2.1.B.1
    Raw Materials
  29. 2.1.B.2
    Process
  30. 2.1.B.3

    This section discusses the multifaceted advantages of steel and aluminum in...

  31. 3
    Aluminum: Properties And Types

    This section details the properties and types of aluminum, elucidating its...

  32. 3.1
    Properties Of Aluminum

    Aluminum is a lightweight, corrosion-resistant metal with excellent...

  33. 3.2
    Types Of Aluminum

    This section outlines the various types of aluminum and their properties...

  34. 3.2.A
    Pure Aluminum (1000 Series)

    This section discusses pure aluminum, its characteristics, and applications.

  35. 3.2.B
    Aluminum Alloys

    This section discusses the properties and types of aluminum alloys,...

  36. 3.2.B.1
    Wrought Alloys (Work-Hardened)

    This section discusses wrought alloys, particularly their classification...

  37. 3.2.B.2

    Cast alloys are a category of aluminum alloys defined by their good...

  38. 4
    Manufacturing Of Aluminum

    This section outlines the extraction and manufacturing processes of...

  39. 4.1
    Extraction – Bayer Process

    The Bayer Process is the primary method for extracting aluminum from bauxite...

  40. 4.2
    Reduction – Hall–héroult Process

    The Hall–Héroult process is the primary method for extracting aluminum from...

  41. 4.3
    Aluminum Forming And Fabrication

    This section covers the various methods of aluminum forming and fabrication,...

  42. 5
    Applications In Civil Engineering

    This section explores the diverse applications of steel and aluminum in...

  43. 6
    Corrosion Of Steel And Aluminum In Civil Structures

    This section explores the corrosion behaviors of steel and aluminum in civil...

  44. 6.1
    Corrosion Of Steel

    This section discusses the types and causes of corrosion in steel, as well...

  45. 6.2
    Corrosion Of Aluminum

    This section focuses on the corrosion behavior of aluminum in various...

  46. 6.1
    Corrosion Of Steel
  47. 6.1.1
    Types Of Steel Corrosion

    This section discusses various types of corrosion that affect steel,...

  48. 6.1.2
    Corrosion Protection Techniques

    This section outlines various techniques used to protect steel and aluminum...

  49. 6.2
    Corrosion Of Aluminum
  50. 6.2.1
    Common Aluminum Corrosion Forms

    This section discusses the various types of corrosion that affect aluminum,...

  51. 6.2.2
    Prevention Measures

    Prevention measures for aluminum corrosion focus on enhancing its natural...

  52. 7
    Mechanical Testing Of Steel And Aluminum

    This section discusses the mechanical testing methods for steel and...

  53. 7.1
    Tensile Test

    The tensile test measures the strength and ductility of materials by...

  54. 7.2
    Hardness Test

    The hardness test measures the resistance of materials like steel and...

  55. 7.3

    The Impact Test evaluates the toughness and energy absorption capacity of...

  56. 7.4
    Fatigue And Creep Testing

    Fatigue and creep testing are critical in determining the durability and...

  57. 8
    Comparison Between Steel And Aluminum For Construction

    This section compares key properties of steel and aluminum, determining...

  58. 9
    Steel And Aluminum Codes And Standards (India And International)

    This section outlines the codes and standards governing the use of steel and...

  59. 9.1
    Indian Standards (Is Codes)

    Indian Standards (IS Codes) define specifications for various materials,...

  60. 9.2
    International Standards

    This section outlines the essential international standards for steel and...

  61. 10
    Sustainable And Modern Developments

    This section discusses sustainable practices in steel and aluminum...

  62. 10.1

    Green steel is produced using renewable energy, minimizing carbon emissions.

  63. 10.2
    Recycled Aluminum

    Recycled aluminum significantly reduces energy consumption compared to...

  64. 10.3
    Composite Use In Construction

    This section discusses the application of steel-aluminum hybrid materials in...

What we have learnt

  • Steel is classified based on carbon content, alloying elements, manufacturing methods, and microstructure.
  • Aluminum is prized for its lightweight and corrosion-resistant properties, with various alloys designed for specific applications.
  • Understanding corrosion mechanisms is essential for selecting materials and ensuring the longevity of structures.

Key Concepts

-- Steel
An alloy mainly composed of iron and carbon, varying in composition and properties to suit different applications.
-- Aluminum
A lightweight, corrosion-resistant metal used extensively in construction and manufacturing, available in pure and alloyed forms.
-- Corrosion
The degradation of metals due to environmental conditions, significantly affecting the longevity and safety of structures.
-- Mechanical Testing
Processes used to evaluate the strength, ductility, and hardness of materials to ensure they meet safety and performance standards.
-- Green Steel
Steel produced using renewable energy sources to reduce carbon emissions and environmental impact.

Additional Learning Materials

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