3. Metals and Non-metals

  • 3

    Metals And Non-Metals

    This section discusses the classification of elements into metals and non-metals based on their properties and highlights the uses of these elements in daily life.

  • 3.1

    Physical Properties

    This section discusses the physical properties of metals and non-metals, highlighting their classification based on characteristics such as malleability, ductility, conductivity, and hardness.

  • 3.1.1

    Metals

    This section introduces metals, their physical properties, and their significance in everyday life.

  • 3.1.2

    Non-Metals

    Non-metals are elements with distinct properties that contrast with metals, and are generally less common.

  • 3.2

    Chemical Properties Of Metals

    The section discusses the chemical properties of metals, including their reactions with oxygen, water, acids, and solutions of other metal salts.

  • 3.2.1

    What Happens When Metals Are Burnt In Air?

    This section discusses how various metals react when burned in air, forming metal oxides and highlighting differences in reactivity among metals.

  • 3.2.2

    What Happens When Metals React With Water?

    This section explores the reactions of various metals with water, discussing their reactivity levels and the products formed.

  • 3.2.3

    What Happens When Metals React With Acids?

    Metals react with acids to produce salts and hydrogen gas, but not all metals have the same reactivity.

  • 3.2.4

    How Do Metals React With Solutions Of Other Metal Salts?

    This section explains how reactive metals can displace less reactive metals from their salt solutions, demonstrating their relative reactivity.

  • 3.2.5

    The Reactivity Series

    The reactivity series ranks metals based on their reactivity, crucial for understanding chemical reactions involving metals.

  • 3.3

    Formation Of Ionic Compounds

    Ionic compounds form through the transfer of electrons from metals to non-metals, resulting in charged ions that bond together.

  • 3.3.1

    Properties Of Ionic Compounds

    Ionic compounds have distinct properties including solidity, high melting and boiling points, solubility in water, and electrical conductivity when dissolved or molten.

  • 3.4

    Extraction Of Metals

    This section discusses the methods of extracting metals from their ores based on their reactivity.

  • 3.4.1

    Enrichment Of Ores

    Ores are often contaminated with impurities known as gangue, which must be removed before extracting metals, using various physical and chemical methods.

  • 3.4.2

    Extracting Metals Low In The Activity Series

    This section focuses on the extraction of metals that are low in the activity series, detailing the methods, such as heating, that facilitate their extraction from ores.

  • 3.4.3

    Extracting Metals In The Middle Of The Activity Series

    This section discusses the extraction of moderately reactive metals, primarily focusing on their conversion from sulfides and carbonates to oxides before reduction.

  • 3.4.4

    Extracting Metals Towards The Top Of The Activity Series

    This section discusses the extraction methods of highly reactive metals, emphasizing the use of electrolytic reduction.

  • 3.4.5

    Refining Of Metals

    Metals derived from reduction processes often contain impurities that need to be removed for purity.

  • 3.5

    Corrosion

    Corrosion is the deterioration of metals due to chemical reactions, primarily involving oxygen and moisture, leading to phenomena like rusting in iron.

    • Key Summary

    Elements can be classified as metals and non-metals based on their physical and chemical properties. Metals exhibit characteristics such as metallic luster, malleability, ductility, and good conductivity of heat and electricity, while non-metals display the opposite properties. The chapter extensively discusses the reactivity series of metals, their extraction, and prevention of corrosion, along with distinguishing features of ionic compounds.

    Key Takeaways

    • Elements can be classified as metals and non-metals.
    • Metals are lustrous, malleable, ductile, and good conductors of heat and electricity.
    • Non-metals are neither malleable nor ductile and are generally poor conductors.

    Key Concepts

    • Metallic Lustre: The shiny appearance of metals in their pure state.
    • Malleability: The ability of a metal to be beaten into thin sheets.
    • Ductility: The ability of a metal to be drawn into thin wires.
    • Amphoteric Oxides: Metal oxides that exhibit both basic and acidic properties, such as aluminum oxide.
    • Reactivity Series: A list of metals arranged in the order of their decreasing activities.
    • Ionic Compounds: Compounds formed by the transfer of electrons from metals to non-metals, resulting in the formation of positively and negatively charged ions.