1.6. Challenges Faced by Different Social Classes

And some are poor, 33% around so, this showing that Pucca House or concrete house broken, but whereas, Bhugas remain there without any impact of earthquake, here you can see the damage level of the houses those partially how they was affected in different category and educational facilities were done, health facilities were done, panchayat.

After the earthquake, housing conditions varied significantly among different social classes. For instance, more substantial structures like Pucca houses sustained damage, while simpler constructions like Bhugas remained largely unaffected. This suggests that architectural integrity may be influenced by the resources available to different social classes.

Think about how some buildings in your neighborhood might be older and made of stronger materials, while others are newer but not as sturdy. In the same way, during disasters, the resources and building quality can help decide how well a home holds up.

So, people receive money from the government and they reconstructed their own house, they also added money into it. Here is the Thakar house built after earthquake, there were 153 meter connections in the village, presently three tankers of providing water supply, they reconstructed government reconstructed the school, panchayat office was reconstructed also, religious buildings were reconstructed.

People affected by the earthquake received financial assistance from the government to help rebuild their houses. Many individuals contributed additional personal funds to supplement government aid. The community also benefitted from the reconstruction of essential services like schools, water supply systems, and local government offices.

Imagine if your local community center was damaged in a storm. With a combination of insurance money, local fundraising, and government help, the community could come together to rebuild and improve it, making it even better than before.

People build their own house but there was no training program, people actually borrowed money from the government; rest of the money they provided, and source of money 28% is the own money, they receive the loan from formal institution also, the community Mahajan's or own local Kings, relatives they provide money.

For reconstruction, a variety of financial resources were utilized. About 28% of the funds came from personal savings, while many others borrowed from formal banks or received assistance from local community leaders, relatives, or informal lending groups. However, a lack of training programs meant that people struggled to navigate the rebuilding process effectively.

Think of it like a group project in school. Some students use their allowance to buy supplies, while others might ask parents for money or borrow from friends. But if no one knows how to work together, the project can be messy and chaotic.

The contribution of the labour for their own, most of the people they did not provide their own labour but they hired labour, you can see these all are hired labour and some few people especially the Harijans and some low caste groups, they contributed labour for their own constructions.

When it came to rebuilding homes, many individuals opted to hire labor instead of doing the work themselves. However, it was noted that some marginalized groups, like Harijans and other low-caste individuals, participated in manual labor for their own housing needs. This highlights both the reliance on paid labor for reconstruction and the active contribution of certain community members.

Like in a neighborhood where a group of friends decides to renovate a community park. Some may hire professionals to do the heavy lifting, while others volunteer to help out, showing a mix of community spirit and practicality.

Here was it was since they built their own house, they were satisfied and they constructed and it is well maintained and most of the houses by 4 months to 6 months, a 50% reconstruction took place and for the wall, they use concrete blocks, bricks, stone. Roof; mostly RCC but also people use local tiles, mud, 35 % for the floor, cement 73%.

Satisfaction with the new homes was relatively high, as many people took pride in the quality of construction. Within 4 to 6 months, half of the homes had been rebuilt, utilizing various materials such as concrete blocks for walls, reinforced cement concrete (RCC) roofs, and different types of flooring materials.

Imagine building a LEGO structure; if you take the time to choose the right pieces and put them together carefully, you’d feel proud of your final creation, just like homeowners felt proud of their new houses after thoughtful construction.

And some received the money from the government, but did not use it, did use it for other purposes so, they have less monitoring, and upper-class people are very less but they receive more assistance from the government. Whereas, lower caste people they are the majority in numerically but they receive low assistance according to some survey, and according to Abhiyan, only 60% of houses are earthquake resistance in this village.

Discrepancies emerged in the distribution of government aid, as upper-class individuals often received more support despite being fewer in number, while lower-caste groups constituted the majority yet received less assistance. Additionally, many individuals misallocated funds for other purposes, leading to an inadequate response to housing safety needs post-earthquake.

Think of a school where the top-performing students get extra tutoring sessions and resources even though there are more students who need help. It leads to an imbalance in support and outcomes.

So, no utilization of local resource, weak organizational setup, inadequate training, inadequate monitoring, hegemony of upper caste in decision-making. Therefore, they have high-cost long time vulnerable structure, lack of awareness and so it is creating that lesser cause that those who use utilization of local resources, they have less cost, short time socially acceptable that was the model we found.

The study found that insufficient use of local resources and ineffective training contributed to high costs and prolonged vulnerability in rebuilding efforts. The upper caste often held decision-making power, which limited the involvement of lower classes in volunteer efforts, leading to less awareness about resource management and increased expenses.

If a local club needed to fundraise but only a few members decided how to spend the money, they might overlook cost-effective local solutions, resulting in wasted resources and missed opportunities.

So, we can say that it is the community NGO partnership approach that worked much better than others.

The text concludes that partnerships between local communities and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) proved effective in overcoming some of the challenges faced during the reconstruction process. Such collaborations leveraged community strengths and resourcefulness, leading to better outcomes than unsupported efforts.

Picture a school working with a charity to improve facilities. Together, they can combine resources and knowledge, leading to a much better improvement than if they tried to do it alone.

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