1.4. Underlying Risk Drivers

First of all, we are the whole geography has been unevenly distributed. There are rich countries, there are poor countries, there are resourceful countries, the resourceless countries and that have actually as a very diverse economic indicators into it. Also the climate change both from a macro level point of view and the meso level aspect of it. Also come into the governance and limited endogenous capacities.

The world has a varied distribution of resources and wealth, with some countries being very rich and others very poor. This inequality is accompanied by differences in governance and the ability of societies to withstand disasters, which are often affected by climate change.

Think of it like a community where some families have strong houses made of bricks while others have weak huts made of straw. When a storm hits, the families in strong houses may fare well, while those in huts face significant damage.

When we talk about underlying risk drivers, we talk about the poor and urban local governance and the vulnerable rural livelihoods especially with the climate change.

Unequal governance in urban areas can worsen the impact of disasters on rural communities, making them more vulnerable to the effects of climate change. These communities may struggle to recover from disasters due to lack of resources and support.

Imagine a farming community that relies on rain for crops. If a flood washes away their fields and they lack support from local government, they may face severe food shortages and economic hardship.

Also the ecosystem declines, so due to these disasters, how gradually not only the disasters as a continuing the development processes and its impact on the environment and the ecosystems and its services, and how they are actually degraded.

Disasters not only affect human lives but also deteriorate ecosystems that provide essential services, such as clean water or air. This degradation can have long-lasting effects on communities that depend on these services.

Consider a forest that filters water and provides habitat for wildlife. If a wildfire destroys it, not only do people miss out on its beauty, but they also lose clean water and face difficulties with wildlife migrations.

So they tried to classify into intensive risk when you say intensive risk major concentrations of the vulnerable populations and economic asserts exposed to the extreme hazard. Whereas the extensive risk, when he talks about the extensive risk, he talks about the geographically dispersed exposure of vulnerable people and economic assets to low or moderate-intensity hazard.

Intensive risk refers to areas where many vulnerable people and resources are located together and are at high risk of extreme hazards. In contrast, extensive risk is spread out over a larger area, where fewer people are affected by less severe hazards.

Think of a crowded city neighborhood at risk for earthquakes (intensive risk) versus a rural town spread over a large area where occasional floods occur (extensive risk). In the city, many people can be impacted at once; in the rural town, fewer are affected by each individual flood.

Everyday risk, so when we say everyday risk, we are talking about households and communities exposed to foods, insecurity, disease, crime, accidents, pollution, lack of sanitation and clean water.

Vulnerable communities regularly face risks that affect their daily lives, such as food insecurity, health issues, and crime. These everyday risks accumulate and create a cycle of hardship.

Picture a family that can’t find reliable food sources, struggles with clean water access, and lives near high-crime areas. This combination of stresses makes it difficult for them to thrive or take action to improve their situation.

So disaster impacts because these people live in this kind of risk factors situations that is where the majority mortality and economic loss.

The impact of disasters on impoverished communities often leads to higher mortality rates and significant economic losses. Vulnerability and lack of resources exacerbate their challenges during and after disasters.

After a hurricane, wealthier families may have the means to rebuild quickly, while poorer families are left without homes and income, leading to higher fatalities and deeper economic struggles.

In the richer countries, they have the regulatory frameworks to minimise the disaster risk which are enforced. Here in poorer countries, the regulatory frameworks are weak or absent, or the capacity to enforce them is lacking.

Rich countries have well-defined laws and regulations to help manage disaster risks effectively. In poorer countries, such regulations may not exist or are not enforced, increasing vulnerability and exposure to disasters.

Think of a house built to withstand storms versus one with no building codes. The first may survive severe weather without significant damage, while the second is likely to suffer greatly.

--