3.1. Hearing

Number 2; structural equivalents or position and role what is that? The 2 people they do not interact with each other or they may not know each other at all, but they belong to the same position like in a hospital, 2 doctors, they may not meet to know each other, or they may not know actually, but they have a same position that they are a doctor in a same hospital, the hospital is very big so, they have same role and same positions.

Structural equivalence refers to individuals who hold similar positions but do not interact directly. For instance, in a large hospital, two doctors might be working in the same facility yet may never meet because of the size and their respective schedules. However, they share the same role as doctors within that environment, which creates similarities in their experiences and professional responsibilities.

Imagine a university with many professors in different departments. A biology professor and an engineering professor might never cross paths, but they both have the title of 'professor.' This shared position means they likely face similar professional challenges like teaching responsibilities, publishing research, and mentoring students, even if their day-to-day experiences are vastly different.

Then people can also indirectly observe each other and compare each other and collect informations from them okay, indirectly or maybe you can imagine that students in a school researchers in IIT Roorkee...

Even without direct interaction, individuals in similar positions can observe and gather information from each other. For instance, students at a university might not know every classmate personally but observe their study habits or social activities, which influences their own behavior. Likewise, researchers in an institution like IIT Roorkee might work independently but are aware of the projects and achievements of their colleagues, shaping their own research interests and methods.

Think about a group of runners training for a marathon. Even if they don't always run together, each can notice how the others approach their training—some may favor speed work, while others prioritize long runs. This indirect observation can influence how each individual shapes their own training regime, striving to improve upon what they see others doing.

So, like here you can imagine that this is a community or society network total Y, there are five actors so, we can see the role here like A and B, they do not have direct relationship with each other, but they belong to one group...

In social networks, individuals can belong to a community or group without having direct ties to all members. For example, in a community of five people, A and B might not directly interact but each shares connections with others, C and D. This interconnectedness illustrates how social roles and relationships can create a framework for indirect relationships and similarities in behavior and outcomes among individuals.

Imagine a group project in school where student A works closely with student C, and student B collaborates with student D. While A and B may not communicate directly, they both influence each other through their connections to C and D. Their performances and contributions can affect the overall outcome of the project due to their indirect ties.

Another dimension is the spatial dimension; spatial groups, you like or not like, you need to interact with your neighbours and they influencing you, you are also influencing them...

The spatial dimension refers to how physical proximity affects social interactions. Living in the same area means individuals often interact with their neighbors, which can lead to mutual influences—people can learn from each other's behaviors, share resources, and form social norms based on localized interactions. This dimension is crucial for understanding how communities develop and maintain social bonds.

Consider a housing development where neighbors frequently share tools or organize community events. Their repeated interactions can create a supportive environment, influencing each other's habits, such as how they manage their gardens or maintain their homes, based on peer practices observed in their immediate vicinity.

Now we have 3 kinds of groups; one is cohesive, one is structurally equivalents, there is same competition position and roles and the question of spatially distribution...

Understanding how to gather information from different types of social groups is crucial. Cohesive groups rely on close relationships, structurally equivalent groups share similar roles but may not interact often, and spatially distributed groups are influenced by their physical environment. Recognizing the nuances in these groups helps individuals determine whom to approach for gathering relevant information.

Think of a community trying to implement new recycling practices. Members who are friends may discuss their recycling habits directly (cohesive), while others may look at how frequently their neighbors recycle without personal interactions (structurally equivalent). On the other hand, those living near each other in an apartment building might form a group to collectively decide on recycling efforts, being influenced by each other's practices.

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