1. Structural Equivalents or Position and Role

Number 2; structural equivalents or position and role what is that? The 2 people they do not interact with each other or they may not know each other at all, but they belong to the same position like in a hospital, 2 doctors, they may not meet to know each other, or they may not know actually, but they have the same position that they are a doctor in the same hospital.

This chunk explains the concept of structural equivalents, which refers to individuals who share the same position within a structure or organization but do not necessarily interact or know each other. For instance, in a large hospital, two doctors may perform their duties independently, yet they both hold the same professional designation of 'doctor'. This means they belong to the same role or class within the organizational hierarchy, despite a lack of direct connection.

Imagine two actors working at different times on the same movie set. They never meet or speak to each other, but they both are part of the film's cast. Each actor plays a role in the same movie, just like the doctors who contribute to the healthcare system of the same hospital.

Then people can also indirectly observe each other and compare each other and collect informations from them. You can imagine that students in a school or researchers in IIT Roorkee, so being a they do not know each other but being in same institution in IIT Roorkee gives them a kind of same kind of socialization or training to groom up to get some kind of informations.

This part discusses how people in the same organizational structure can still have an indirect form of interaction. Even if individuals do not know each other, they can observe each other's actions and behaviors. For example, students at the same school or researchers at an institution like IIT Roorkee may not interact directly but they share common experiences, training, and cultural understanding as they navigate the same environment.

Consider students in a university lecture hall. While they may not interact directly during each class, they observe how their peers respond to the lecture, which can influence their own learning and adaptations to the academic setting.

So, like here you can imagine that this is a community or society network total Y, there are five actors so, we can see the role here like A and B, they do not have direct relationship with each other, but they belong to one group because A and B have the same interrelationship with C and D.

In this chunk, the concept of social networks is illustrated through the relationships between individuals. Actors A and B do not directly interact, but they are linked through their individual relationships with actors C and D. This example shows how people can be part of a group not only due to direct connections but also because of shared relationships with common others.

Think of a concert where two fans (A and B) do not know each other, but both are friends with the same musician (C). They are both part of the same fan group due to their mutual connection to C, illustrating a network based on roles and shared relationships.

The role of structural equivalence promotes competition; 2 colleagues, they are competing with each other or it kind of gives you some socialization process, you do not know your researchers in IIT Roorkee, does not matter, somebody in the biology department, somebody in the engineering department, you have some kind of orientation.

This section emphasizes how structural equivalence can foster competition among individuals who hold similar roles. Even without personal connections, colleagues may feel the need to outperform each other in their respective roles. For instance, researchers from different departments within the same institution may have different focuses, yet they could be competing for grants, recognition, or other forms of success.

Consider two athletes in a race. Even if they do not know each other personally, their shared goal of winning the event creates a competitive environment. Each runner indirectly influences the other’s performance through their presence in the race.

Another dimension is the spatial dimension; spatial groups, you like or not like, you need to interact with your neighbours and they influence you, you are also influencing them so, you are interacting face to face, talking to them watching them.

This chunk explores how location and proximity impact relationships and interactions within a community. Individuals are often influenced by their neighbors, leading to both direct and indirect interactions that shape social dynamics. The idea is that being in close spatial proximity to others leads to a greater chance of interaction, which can lead to shared behaviors and attitudes.

Think about living in an apartment complex. You may not be friends with all your neighbors, but you often see them in common areas like the lobby or garden. These interactions contribute to a communal environment, influencing how you perceive social norms and behaviors based on those around you.

Now we have 3 kinds of informations or informations through 3 kinds of activities; one is hearing, one is observations, one is discussions.

This section outlines three primary methods for gathering information: hearing (listening to others), observing (watching behaviors), and discussions (engaging in conversation). Each method has its unique benefits and challenges, and understanding them can help individuals strategically gather information based on their context and needs.

Imagine planning a vacation. You might hear about a destination from friends (hearing), observe pictures and recommendations on social media (observations), and have conversations with family or travel agents (discussions) to compile the best information for your decision.

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