2.2. Location and Design Approaches

When we talk about reducing disaster risks in the built environment, there are 2 approaches to it; one is the location approach, the second one is the design approach.

This section introduces two fundamental approaches to disaster risk reduction (DRR): the location approach and the design approach. The location approach focuses on where buildings and infrastructure are placed, considering the risks they may face based on their geographical context. The design approach pertains to how these buildings are constructed, including the materials used and compliance with safety standards.

Think of it like choosing a place to build a playground. If you choose a location near a river, you risk flooding, so you should look for higher ground. The design of the playground, like using waterproof materials and sturdy structures, is equally crucial once you’ve selected a better location.

The location approach deals with the process of land use planning. It involves identifying areas at risk from hazards, such as landslides or floods, and using zoning to designate high-risk areas.

The location approach emphasizes land use planning, which involves identifying areas susceptible to natural hazards. This process helps planners zone land effectively by designating certain areas for specific uses (like residential, commercial, or recreational) based on their risk levels. By understanding where the hazards are, planners can avoid constructing vulnerable structures.

Imagine a city planning its layout. If there’s a flood-prone area, city planners would avoid building homes there and instead create parks or open spaces that can handle excess water during heavy rains.

Zoning designates areas through planning as high risk, low risk, or moderate risk. It also incorporates open areas for evacuation and emergency housing during disasters.

Zoning is a critical part of the location approach. By categorizing areas into high, medium, and low-risk categories, planners can make better decisions about where different types of development should occur. Additionally, planners must consider spaces that can be utilized for evacuations or emergency shelters in the event of a disaster, ensuring preparedness.

Consider a city that experiences hurricanes. Planners would mark low-lying areas as high-risk and avoid putting schools or hospitals there. Instead, they might create open fields nearby to serve as safe gathering points for people needing shelter when a storm hits.

The design approach focuses on controlling mechanisms for how buildings are designed and constructed, adhering to regulatory frameworks.

The design approach involves ensuring that buildings are constructed according to appropriate codes, which dictate how structures should be built to minimize disaster risks. These codes may vary by region and are influenced by the types of hazards present. The aim is to ensure resilience in construction against events like earthquakes, floods, or hurricanes.

Think of building codes like a recipe in cooking. Following the ingredients and steps carefully ensures the dish (or building) is safe and successful. For instance, using earthquake-resistant designs in brick buildings can prevent collapses during tremors, similar to how following a recipe can prevent a cake from burning.

Challenges arise in the implementation of both approaches, especially in developing countries, where regulatory frameworks may not be strictly followed due to various socio-economic factors.

Implementing the location and design approaches can be significantly challenging, especially in low- and middle-income countries. Many regulations exist, but enforcement may be weak due to poverty, lack of education, and cultural differences. These factors can lead to buildings being built in unsafe locations or not adhering to necessary design standards.

Consider a scenario where a community wishes to build homes in a flood-prone area due to lack of resources. Despite regulations indicating the importance of avoiding such sites, their immediate need for shelter may override these concerns, putting them at risk during floods.

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