bring them into the consensus but insiders and outsiders; so how an outsider can actually come and interact with the insider because one has to build a trust and that is where local authorities, local agencies, whether it is a church, whether it is a municipal authority, how they play a vital role in bringing an interaction between an insider and outsider.

So, how to facilitate the CBDRM; the entry points, an international NGO when they try to approach the community, it was very difficult to work with the community because both are from different cultures and different power setups and different targets and different expectations.

One is the spatial, which is talking about the mapping and modelling, this is very useful in risk and vulnerability assessment, it can be used to identify hazards and dangerous locations, what community already know about this. You know, the identified areas affected by erosion, loss of vegetation or pest infestation and identify vulnerable groups and capacities and assets within the community.

The second aspect is a nominal which is the collecting, naming or listing, it can collect information about communities and their environments like for instance, we are talking about who are the beneficiaries, who are the what kind of crops they have lost, how much and it can also look at the sequence in the coping strategies used in times of food crisis, health problems in order of frequency or importance and also the associated reasons for it so such consequences of deforestation.

The temporal; so putting all these events in a sequence, whether it is through personal and ecological histories, disaster timelines, disaster visualization, seasonal calendars, community timelines or re-enacting events because these methods will actually reveal the changing nature of vulnerability, if you look at a historical record of any disaster and its impact, one can see where we are progressing, where how it is actually heading to.

Ordinal; when we say ordinal, sorting and comparing and ranking because this is where we can identify the most vulnerable individuals and households. Numerical, which is talking on most of the economic aspect of it; counting, estimating, comparing and scoring and methods of this kind could be used in assessing disaster losses and quantifying which normally any of the district agency is going to do on this, how much of the livelihood stock has been damaged, how much of the animals have been killed you know, this is how mostly assessed with the numbers.

Relational; this is often related to how we link and how we relate, how different facilitators understand that how different parts of the community relate to one another and how they identify the power structures and because it can associate one cause with another impact and one impact with another reason of it, so in that way, the effects of drought might be linked to land tenure arrangements or to gender-based divisions of labour using the problem tree.

In fact, one of the important challenges how to integrate the CBRDRM with official development planning; this is a good case which they have given about Bhandari and Malakar work on Nepal, wherein the districts of Chitwal and Nawalparasi in Nepal, there is a practical action group was working in 59 village development committees...

So, what are the futures of the successful CBDRM, how do we measure it? Of course, the IFRC; the Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies have actually looked at the 9 key determinants of a successful community-based DRR program; the motivation and capacity of the community and community leaders so, how it has motivated the community.