Earthquake Engineering - Vol 2 | 20. Causes of Earthquake by Abraham | Learn Smarter
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20. Causes of Earthquake

20. Causes of Earthquake

Earthquakes result from various geophysical, geological, and anthropogenic causes, impacting civil engineering designs for resilient structures. They can be classified into different types such as tectonic, volcanic, and induced seismicity, each with unique characteristics. The chapter describes the mechanisms behind earthquakes, their classification, and predicting factors, emphasizing the importance of understanding these aspects for infrastructure resilience.

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  1. 20
    Causes Of Earthquake

    This section explores the diverse causes of earthquakes, including tectonic,...

  2. 20.1
    Classification Of Earthquakes Based On Causes

    Earthquakes can be classified based on their causes, including tectonic,...

  3. 20.2
    Tectonic Earthquakes

    Tectonic earthquakes are the most common and destructive type of earthquake...

  4. 20.2.1
    Plate Tectonics Theory

    Plate tectonics theory explains how the movement of Earth's lithospheric...

  5. 20.2.2
    Types Of Plate Boundaries

    This section discusses different types of tectonic plate boundaries and...

  6. 20.2.3
    Faulting And Elastic Rebound Theory

    Faults are fractures in the Earth's crust where rocks move, and the Elastic...

  7. 20.3
    Volcanic Earthquakes

    Volcanic earthquakes are linked to volcanic activity, arising from magma...

  8. 20.4
    Collapse Earthquakes

    Collapse earthquakes are minor seismic events that occur due to the failure...

  9. 20.5
    Explosion-Induced Earthquakes

    Explosion-induced earthquakes are man-made seismic events caused by...

  10. 20.6
    Reservoir-Induced Seismicity (Ris)

    Reservoir-Induced Seismicity (RIS) refers to earthquakes triggered by the...

  11. 20.6.1
    Concept Of Ris

    Reservoir-induced seismicity (RIS) refers to earthquakes triggered by the...

  12. 20.6.2

    Reservoir-induced seismicity occurs when the filling of large reservoirs...

  13. 20.6.3
    Notable Examples

    This section highlights notable examples of reservoir-induced seismicity,...

  14. 20.7
    Isostatic Adjustment Earthquakes

    Isostatic adjustment earthquakes occur as the Earth's crust adjusts due to...

  15. 20.8
    Induced Seismicity Due To Human Activities

    This section explains how human activities, particularly industrial...

  16. 20.8.1
    Deep Well Injection

    Deep well injection involves the disposal of industrial fluids and...

  17. 20.8.2
    Hydraulic Fracturing (Fracking)

    Hydraulic fracturing, commonly known as fracking, involves the high-pressure...

  18. 20.8.3
    Mining And Quarrying

    Mining and quarrying activities can cause small earthquakes through blasting...

  19. 20.8.4
    Geothermal And Oil Extraction

    This section discusses how geothermal and oil extraction activities can lead...

  20. 20.9
    Seismic Gaps And Earthquake Prediction

    Seismic gaps are segments of active faults that have not experienced slip in...

  21. 20.9.1
    Seismic Gaps

    Seismic gaps are segments of active faults that have not experienced...

  22. 20.9.2
    Earthquake Precursors

    This section discusses various precursors that may indicate an impending...

  23. 20.10
    Role Of Geological Structures

    This section emphasizes the critical role of geological structures, such as...

  24. 20.10.1

    Faults are fractures in the Earth's crust where rocks move relative to each...

  25. 20.10.2
    Folds, Joints, And Rock Strength

    This section discusses how geological structures, such as folds and joints,...

  26. 20.11
    Earthquake Belts And Zones

    The section discusses significant earthquake belts and zones around the...

  27. 20.11.1
    Circum-Pacific Belt (Ring Of Fire)

    The Circum-Pacific Belt, also known as the Ring of Fire, is the most...

  28. 20.11.2
    Alpine-Himalayan Belt

    The Alpine-Himalayan Belt is a seismically active region formed by the...

  29. 20.11.3
    Mid-Oceanic Ridges

    Mid-oceanic ridges are divergent boundaries where tectonic plates move...

  30. 20.11.4
    Intraplate Earthquakes

    Intraplate earthquakes occur within tectonic plates rather than at their...

  31. 20.12
    Earthquake Magnitude And Energy Release

    This section discusses the different magnitude scales used to measure...

  32. 20.12.1
    Magnitude Scales

    Magnitude scales measure the energy released by earthquakes, providing...

  33. 20.12.2
    Energy Released By Earthquakes

    This section discusses the calculation of energy released by earthquakes...

  34. 20.13
    Seismic Waves And Their Propagation

    This section covers the types of seismic waves produced during earthquakes...

  35. 20.13.1
    Types Of Seismic Waves

    Seismic waves are classified into body waves and surface waves, each with...

  36. 20.13.2
    Wave Propagation And Attenuation

    This section explains how seismic waves propagate through different media...

  37. 20.14
    Depth Of Focus

    Depth of focus refers to the varying depths at which earthquakes occur,...

  38. 20.14.1
    Classification Based On Focal Depth

    This section classifies earthquakes based on their focal depth into three...

  39. 20.15
    Microseismicity And Background Seismic Noise

    Microseismicity involves small earthquakes that are not typically felt but...

  40. 20.16
    Paleoseismology And Historical Seismicity

    This section introduces paleoseismology, the study of prehistoric...

  41. 20.16.1
    Paleoseismology

    Paleoseismology is the study of prehistoric earthquakes through geological...

  42. 20.16.2
    Historical Records

    Historical records provide evidence of past earthquakes, aiding in the...

  43. 20.17
    Triggering Mechanisms Of Earthquakes

    This section examines the various natural and anthropogenic mechanisms that...

  44. 20.17.1
    Natural Triggers

    Natural triggers of earthquakes include processes like stress transfer from...

  45. 20.17.2
    Anthropogenic Triggers

    This section explores human-induced factors that can trigger earthquakes,...

  46. 20.18
    Earthquake Clustering And Swarm Activity

    This section discusses the phenomena of earthquake clustering and swarm...

  47. 20.18.1

    Aftershocks are smaller earthquakes that follow a major seismic event, often...

  48. 20.18.2

    Foreshocks are smaller seismic events that occur prior to a larger...

  49. 20.18.3
    Earthquake Swarms

    Earthquake swarms are clusters of small-to-moderate earthquakes occurring in...

  50. 20.19
    Earthquake Cycle And Recurrence

    The earthquake cycle describes the phases of stress accumulation and release...

  51. 20.19.1
    Earthquake Cycle

    The earthquake cycle describes the phases of stress accumulation, release,...

  52. 20.19.2
    Recurrence Interval

    The recurrence interval is the average time between significant earthquakes...

  53. 20.20
    Influence Of Geological And Geomorphological Features

    Geological and geomorphological features significantly influence seismic...

What we have learnt

  • Earthquakes can be classified into tectonic, volcanic, collapse, and induced types based on their origin.
  • The movement of lithospheric plates causes tectonic earthquakes, which are the most destructive.
  • Earthquake prediction remains unreliable, but certain precursors like foreshocks and changes in groundwater levels can provide insights.

Key Concepts

-- Tectonic Earthquakes
Earthquakes caused by the movement of the Earth's lithospheric plates.
-- Elastic Rebound Theory
Describes how stress builds in rocks and is released as seismic energy during an earthquake.
-- Seismic Gaps
Segments of active faults that have not experienced a significant earthquake in a long time, indicating areas of potential future quakes.
-- Induced Seismicity
Earthquakes triggered by human activities, such as deep well injection or hydraulic fracturing.

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