3.1. Case a) Bulk Flow Negligible

Try these first

1. 1.

   Define bulk flow.

   Hint

   Think of how rivers move water.

2. 2.

   What is molecular diffusion?

   Hint

   Consider how perfume spreads in a room.

3. 3.

   What does bulk flow refer to?

   • Movement of particles by concentration gradient
   • Movement of a fluid carrying substances
   • Both A and B

   Hint

   Think about how rivers carry materials with their flow.

4. 4.

   True or False: In deep lakes, diffusion can become the primary mode of mass transfer.

   • True
   • False

   Hint

   Reflect on the clarity of water when mixed versus still.

5. 5.

   Given a chemical spill in a deep lake, calculate how long it would take to distribute evenly given its diffusion constant.

   Hint

   Remember to factor in the concentrations and distances involved.

6. 6.

   Discuss how temperature variation affects pollutant transport in groundwater during different seasons.

   Hint

   Consider how ice forms on water bodies and its effect on temperature gradients.