4.5 - Turbulent velocity distribution in terms of average velocity
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Interactive Audio Lesson
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Introduction to Turbulent Flow
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Today, we're discussing turbulent flow in smooth pipes. Can anyone explain what turbulent flow is?
I think it's when the fluid moves in a chaotic manner, unlike laminar flow where it moves in parallel layers.
Exactly! Turbulent flow involves irregular fluctuations and mixing. It's important in many engineering applications. Now, can anyone tell me why understanding turbulent velocity distribution is essential?
Because it helps in predicting how fluids behave in pipes and channels.
Right! The distribution of velocity impacts the design of hydraulic systems significantly. Remember, one key aspect of turbulent flow is determining the average velocity.
Equation Derivation
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Let’s dive into the equations. Starting with our previous findings, we use equation 18. Can someone briefly summarize it?
Equation 18 relates the velocity at the wall to minus infinity at y=0, indicating a sharp drop in velocity.
Correct! This informs us how turbulent velocity behaves as it approaches the wall. Next, what happens when we apply the logarithmic profile?
We find that the velocity becomes zero at a finite distance from the wall, which we denote as y'.
Absolutely! It's crucial to understand this concept for further calculations. Keeping this in mind, let’s see how we can express it in terms of common logarithm.
Application to Rough Pipes
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Now, let’s apply these concepts to rough pipes. How does the coefficient of roughness affect our equations?
Nikuradse provided values that indicate how roughness changes our velocity profile, right?
Correct! For rough surfaces, the velocity distribution adapts to include these roughness coefficients. Understanding this helps us design more effective systems.
So, are the logarithmic relationships still applicable?
Yes, they are! Both smooth and rough pipes maintain a logarithmic form for their velocity distributions, which simplifies calculations.
Calculations of Average Velocity
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Let’s perform a calculation based on the equations we derived. Who can remind us how to express average velocity?
Average velocity can be computed as discharge divided by the area of the pipe, using Q=AV.
Exactly! Q, or discharge, is derived from integrating the velocities across the cross-sectional area. Who would like to try calculating average velocity based on our earlier discussion?
I can give it a try! If we integrate the velocity from 0 to R and then divide by the area, we find V average.
Great! Integrating gives insight into the behavior of fluid flow within the system and helps us more accurately predict performance.
Real-World Applications
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To wrap up, can anyone provide an example of where this knowledge is applied in engineering?
In designing pipelines for water distribution, engineers need to know how different surfaces affect flow rate.
Absolutely! This principle also applies in wastewater management and hydraulic structures. This knowledge can ultimately save resources and improve efficiency.
I can see how important it is to understand both smooth and rough pipe behaviors!
Exactly! A comprehensive understanding of turbulent velocity distribution is key for any hydraulic engineering project. Well done today, everyone!
Introduction & Overview
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Quick Overview
Standard
In this segment, we explore how the turbulent velocity distribution is determined in smooth pipes, including equations that relate average velocity to turbulent flow. The concept extends to rough pipes as well and incorporates insights from Nikuradse’s experiments on roughness coefficients.
Detailed
Turbulent Velocity Distribution in Terms of Average Velocity
This section delves into the turbulent velocity distribution in both smooth and rough pipes within hydraulic engineering. The discussion begins with defining the concept of turbulent flow as it applies to fluid dynamics. We differentiate between velocity distributions in smooth pipes versus rough pipes and highlight the equations that underpin these relationships.
Using equation 18, we analyze how velocity decreases sharply at the wall and how this can be mathematically expressed. Notably, the threshold for velocity (where it is considered zero) occurs at a finite distance from the wall, which is an essential point in our calculations. We then explore the transition from natural logarithm to common logarithm, providing simplified equations (like equation 22 and 23) for turbulent flow in smooth and rough pipes.
Through Nikuradse's experimental values, we determine key parameters linked to the roughness of pipes and examine how they affect velocity distributions. Emphasis is placed on conducting practical calculations, helping students understand how to derive the average velocity in both cases using integral calculus techniques. This foundational understanding is critical for further study in hydraulic design and analysis.
Audio Book
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Introduction to Turbulent Flow in Pipes
Chapter 1 of 4
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Chapter Content
Now, we are going to talk about turbulent velocity distribution in terms of average velocity. So, there is a flow and there is an elementary circular ring here, as you can see, this is of radius R. So, we have an elementary circular ring of radius r and thickness dr which we have considered.
Detailed Explanation
This section introduces the concept of turbulent flow in smooth pipes, specifically focusing on how velocity can be analyzed within a circular cross-section. Here, we consider an elementary circular ring with a certain radius and thickness, which allows us to calculate the flow characteristics more easily.
Examples & Analogies
Think of a water hose that’s fully open. As the water flows through, if you looked at an individual slice of the hose, that slice would represent our circular ring. Just like the water through the hose, the velocity of fluid in the pipe varies, which we will analyze using this circular section.
Calculating Discharge Q for Smooth Pipes
Chapter 2 of 4
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Chapter Content
Discharge Q is given by ... Now, can we calculate it for smooth pipes? Yes, since, y is equal to R minus, capital R minus small r, we can write, equation 24, you know, if you do not remember the equation 24, I will take you to equation 24.
Detailed Explanation
The discharge (Q) through a smooth pipe is a crucial parameter often calculated. It is determined based on the velocity profile within the pipe. The text indicates that the value of 'y', which measures the distance from the wall, is derived from the difference between the total radius and the radius of the specific ring.
Examples & Analogies
Imagine pouring syrup into a cylinder. The total amount you pour in relates to the cross-section area created by your pour. Similarly, the relationship between the flow path and the cross-sectional area of the pipe helps us compute how much liquid is moving through it.
Integrating Velocity for Average Flow Rate
Chapter 3 of 4
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Chapter Content
So, we can directly go for the average velocity. If we integrate this equation number 28 and using the results in equation 29, that is, dividing by pi R square for obtaining V average, we can get.
Detailed Explanation
In this chunk, we are discussing the integration of the velocity equation to find the average flow rate. By integrating over the area of the pipe and considering the total discharge, we arrive at the average velocity. This is crucial because it gives us a single value representing the flow speed across the entire cross-section of the pipe.
Examples & Analogies
Consider a group of runners in a race with varying speeds. Calculating each runner's average speed helps you understand the overall pace of the race. Similarly, measuring velocity over the entire pipe section gives us a comprehensive view of the fluid flow.
Rough Pipe Flow Analysis
Chapter 4 of 4
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Chapter Content
Now, for rough pipes similarly, we will use the equation that we have got for the rough pipes ... using the equation 32, we will get a similar equation.
Detailed Explanation
The dynamics change with rough pipes because the surface imperfections affect how fluid flows. This section emphasizes using a slightly different equation than for smooth pipes to measure the average velocity in rough pipes, reflecting the additional resistance due to surface roughness.
Examples & Analogies
Picture a smooth road versus a gravel road. Cars move faster on the smooth surface and slow down on the rough one. Likewise, fluid flow experiences more resistance in rough pipes than in smooth ones, affecting overall speed and discharge.
Key Concepts
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Turbulent Flow: A flow regime with chaotic property changes.
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Velocity Distribution: How velocity varies with distance from the wall.
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Roughness Coefficient: A measure of how rough a pipe's interior surface is, impacting flow characteristics.
Examples & Applications
In pipeline design, knowing the turbulent velocity helps to optimize flow rates and minimize energy loss.
Understanding average velocity in rough pipes aids in predicting wear and maintenance needs.
Memory Aids
Interactive tools to help you remember key concepts
Rhymes
In pipes that swirl and twirl, / Turbulence does whirl and swirl.
Stories
Imagine a river with both calm areas and rapids. The calm areas represent laminar flow, while the rapids show turbulent flow, constantly stirring and mixing.
Memory Tools
Remember TURBULENT: T for Turbulence, U for Unpredictable Motion, R for Rapid Changes, B for Breaks in Flows, U for Unsteady Flow, L for Loss of Energy, E for Erratic Changes, N for Non-linear Patterns, T for Transitions.
Acronyms
R.E.T. (Roughness, Equations, Turbulent flow) - Remember to factor in roughness when applying turbulent flow equations.
Flash Cards
Glossary
- Turbulent Flow
Fluid motion characterized by chaotic changes in pressure and velocity.
- Reynolds Number (Re)
A dimensionless quantity used to predict flow patterns in different fluid flow situations.
- Average Velocity
The velocity of the fluid averaged over a specified area, often used in analyzing flow in pipes.
- Logarithmic Profile
A type of velocity profile that is represented by a logarithm, commonly seen in turbulent flow.
- Nikuradse’s Experiment
Research conducted to determine the effects of roughness on pipe flow.
Reference links
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