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Introduction to Trigonometric Ratios
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Today, let's explore trigonometry in right triangles! Can anyone tell me what a right triangle is?
It's a triangle with one angle that is 90 degrees!
Exactly! In a right triangle, we define key trigonometric ratios. Who can name one?
Sine!
Yes! The sine of angle A is the ratio of the length of the opposite side to the hypotenuse. It's expressed as `sin(A) = opposite/hypotenuse`. Let's remember that as O/H! Does everyone see the connection?
So, O/H means opposite over hypotenuse?
Correct! Now, what about cosine? Anyone?
Isn't it adjacent over hypotenuse?
Exactly! `cos(A) = adjacent/hypotenuse`. Great job! Letโs do a quick quiz. If we have a hypotenuse of 10 and an opposite side length of 6, what is sin(A)?
That would be 6/10 or 0.6!
Well done! You've grasped the first ratio. Remember, `sinยฒA + cosยฒA = 1` is another important identity. Let's move on to tangent next!
Exploring Tangent and Identities
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Now that we know sine and cosine, let's talk about tangent. Who can tell me what tangent is?
Isn't it opposite over adjacent?
Right, that's `tan(A) = opposite/adjacent`. So if we had a right triangle where the opposite side is 4 and the adjacent side is 3, what's tan(A)?
It should be 4/3!
That's correct! Also, remember that we can relate tangent through sine and cosine, like `tan(A) = sin(A)/cos(A)`. This ties everything together! Can someone remind me of the identity we discussed?
`sinยฒA + cosยฒA = 1`!
Exactly! You all are doing great. Let's summarize what we've learned so far: the definitions of sine, cosine, and tangent, along with their identities. Would anyone like to see an example?
Yes, please!
Applying Trigonometric Ratios
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Let's apply what we've learned. Consider triangle ABC where AB = 13 and BC = 12. We need to find AC and sin(A). How would we start?
We can use the Pythagorean theorem to find AC!
Correct! Can someone tell me the theorem's formula?
It's aยฒ + bยฒ = cยฒ!
Great! So, we can set up the equation: `ACยฒ = 13ยฒ - 12ยฒ`. What is that?
That would be 5!
Excellent! Now we found AC. Whatโs the sine of angle A?
It's 5/13!
Well done! Always remember to visualize how these ratios relate in triangles. Weโre mastering trigonometry together!
Introduction & Overview
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Quick Overview
Standard
In this section, we delve into the fundamental trigonometric ratios defined for right triangles, specifically sine, cosine, and tangent. We also explore basic identities that relate these functions and demonstrate their application through worked examples.
Detailed
Trigonometry in Right Triangles
In right triangles, trigonometric ratios are defined based on the relationships between the angles and sides. For a right triangle labeled as ฮABC with angle C being the right angle, the following ratios are established:
- Sine (sin): Defined as the ratio of the length of the side opposite the angle (A) to the hypotenuse. Thus,
sin(A) = opposite/hypotenuse = a/c
- Cosine (cos): Defined as the ratio of the length of the adjacent side to the hypotenuse:
cos(A) = adjacent/hypotenuse = b/c
- Tangent (tan): Defined as the ratio of the length of the opposite side to the adjacent side:
tan(A) = opposite/adjacent = a/b
Additionally, two core identities emerge from these definitions:
- sinยฒA + cosยฒA = 1
- tan(A) = sin(A) / cos(A)
These relationships enable the calculation of unknown side lengths and angles within right triangles.
Example Problem
Consider a right triangle ฮABC, where AB (hypotenuse) equals 13 and BC (one leg) equals 12. To find AC and sin(A):
- Using the Pythagorean theorem, we calculate AC:
AC = โ(ABยฒ - BCยฒ) = โ(13ยฒ - 12ยฒ) = โ(169 - 144) = โ25 = 5
- Now, using the sine function:
sin(A) = AC / AB = 5 / 13 โ 0.3846
This section underscores the importance of trigonometric functions for solving problems related to right triangles by leveraging their defined relationships.
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Defining Trigonometric Ratios
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Define for angle A in ฮABC:
โข sin(A) = opposite/hypotenuse = a/c
โข cos(A) = adjacent/hypotenuse = b/c
โข tan(A) = opposite/adjacent = a/b
Detailed Explanation
In a right triangle, the trigonometric ratios help relate the angles to the lengths of the sides. For a specific angle A in triangle ABC:
- The sine of angle A (sin(A)) is the length of the side opposite angle A (designated as 'a') divided by the length of the hypotenuse (designated as 'c').
- The cosine of angle A (cos(A)) is the length of the side adjacent to angle A (designated as 'b') divided by the hypotenuse (c).
- The tangent of angle A (tan(A)) is the length of the side opposite angle A ('a') divided by the length of the adjacent side ('b'). These ratios are fundamental in solving problems related to right triangles.
Examples & Analogies
Imagine you are standing at a point on the ground looking up at the top of a tall building. The angle between your line of sight and the ground is angle A. The height of the building is the side opposite your line of sight (a), the distance from your position to the base of the building is the adjacent side (b), and your line of sight is the hypotenuse (c). Using these definitions, you could use trigonometric ratios to calculate how tall the building is or how far away you are standing.
Trigonometric Identities
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Basic identities:
sinยฒA + cosยฒA = 1
tan(A) = sin(A) / cos(A)
Detailed Explanation
Trigonometric identities are equations that hold true for all values of the variable involved, which in this case is the angle A. The first identity, sinยฒA + cosยฒA = 1, means that the square of the sine of angle A plus the square of the cosine of angle A equals 1. This is a fundamental identity in trigonometry and is derived from the Pythagorean theorem. The second identity, tan(A) = sin(A) / cos(A), shows that the tangent of an angle can be expressed as the ratio of the sine of that angle to the cosine of that angle.
Examples & Analogies
Think of trigonometric identities as secret codes that help us make sense of relationships in triangles. For instance, if sin(A) is like the height of a tree and cos(A) is the distance from the tree to your feet, the identity tells you that these two 'codes' combined give you a complete picture of something larger - like being able to describe the entire triangle formed by your line of sight to the top of the tree!
Finding Missing Sides and Angles
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Used to compute missing sides/angles.
Worked example:
In ฮABC right-angled at C, with side AB = 13, BC = 12, find AC and sin(A).
AC = โ(13ยฒ โ 12ยฒ) = 5.
sin(A) = 5 / 13 โ 0.3846.
Detailed Explanation
In a right triangle, knowing one angle and one side, you can determine the other sides and angles using trigonometric ratios. For example, consider right triangle ABC where angle C is the right angle, side AB (hypotenuse) is 13, and side BC (one leg) is 12. To find the length of the other leg (AC), we can use the Pythagorean theorem: ACยฒ = ABยฒ - BCยฒ => ACยฒ = 13ยฒ - 12ยฒ => AC = โ(169 - 144) = โ25 = 5. Additionally, to find sin(A), which is the ratio of the opposite side (AC) to the hypotenuse (AB), we get sin(A) = AC/AB = 5/13, which is approximately 0.3846.
Examples & Analogies
Imagine you're building a ramp for your skateboard. You know the length of the ramp (hypotenuse, AB = 13 feet) and how high the ramp needs to rise (BC = 12 feet). You can find out how far back from the wall you need to position the end of the ramp, using the Pythagorean theorem, just like solving a puzzle to make sure everything fits perfectly.
Definitions & Key Concepts
Learn essential terms and foundational ideas that form the basis of the topic.
Key Concepts
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Trigonometric Ratios: Relationships defined by sine, cosine, and tangent in right triangles.
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Sine: Ratio of opposite/hypotenuse.
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Cosine: Ratio of adjacent/hypotenuse.
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Tangent: Ratio of opposite/adjacent.
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Pythagorean Identity: sinยฒA + cosยฒA = 1.
Examples & Real-Life Applications
See how the concepts apply in real-world scenarios to understand their practical implications.
Examples
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Example: For a right triangle with a hypotenuse of 10 and an opposite side of 6, sin(A) = 6/10 or 0.6.
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Example: For Triangle ABC (AB = 13, BC = 12), calculate AC using Pythagorean theorem: AC = โ(13ยฒ - 12ยฒ) = 5, then find sin(A) = 5/13.
Memory Aids
Use mnemonics, acronyms, or visual cues to help remember key information more easily.
๐ต Rhymes Time
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Sine and Cosine, so divine; Opposite and Hypotenuse, across the line.
๐ Fascinating Stories
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Imagine a sailor navigating a triangle, using sine to measure how far offshore he is while keeping his eye on the shorelineโsine helps him navigate.
๐ง Other Memory Gems
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SOHCAHTOA: Sine is Opposite over Hypotenuse, Cosine is Adjacent over Hypotenuse, Tangent is Opposite over Adjacent.
๐ฏ Super Acronyms
CHOAS for remembering sides in triangle
- C: (Cos)
- H: (Hypo)
- O: (Opposite)
- A: (Adjacent)
- S: (Sin)
- T: (Tan).
Flash Cards
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Glossary of Terms
Review the Definitions for terms.
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Term: Sine
Definition:
The ratio of the length of the opposite side to the length of the hypotenuse in a right triangle.
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Term: Cosine
Definition:
The ratio of the length of the adjacent side to the length of the hypotenuse in a right triangle.
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Term: Tangent
Definition:
The ratio of the length of the opposite side to the length of the adjacent side in a right triangle.
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Term: Hypotenuse
Definition:
The side opposite the right angle in a right triangle, and the longest side overall.
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Term: Identity
Definition:
An equation that is true for all values of the variable, such as trigonometric identities.