1 - Nomenclature and Structure
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Introduction to Aldehydes
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Today we're learning about aldehydes. Aldehydes have a functional group βCHO. Can anyone tell me what that means?
I think itβs the carbonyl group at the end of the chain?
Exactly! In IUPAC nomenclature, the longest carbon chain that includes the βCHO group determines the name. We use the suffix -al. Can anyone give me an example?
Methanal is an example! That's formaldehyde, right?
Correct! Good job, Student_2. Remember, for aldehydes, the βCHO group must be part of the terminal carbon.
Understanding Ketones
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Now, let's talk about ketones. The main difference from aldehydes is where the carbonyl group is located. Who can describe the functional group of a ketone?
It's >C=O, but it's not at the end of the carbon chain.
Thatβs right, Student_3! For ketones, we use the suffix -one. Our examples include propanone, which is aceton.
How do we always know the IUPAC name?
Great question! Simply name the longest chain that includes the carbonyl carbon, then add -one at the end. Remember 'K for Ketoneβ and 'O for -one' to help you remember this.
Carboxylic Acids Characteristics
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Lastly, we have carboxylic acids! Who can tell me their functional group?
Isnβt it βCOOH?
Exactly! And what suffix do we use for their IUPAC name?
Itβs -oic acid, right?
Perfect! As an example, ethanoic acid, which is acetic acid, is a common substance in our kitchens.
Why do carboxylic acids have such strong odors?
Good question! Their acidic nature is due to the presence of the hydroxyl group (-OH) combined with the carbonyl group (C=O). This combination establishes unique scents.
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Aldehydes
Chapter 1 of 1
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Chapter Content
β’ Functional group: βCHO
β’ IUPAC name: Based on the longest carbon chain containing βCHO. Suffix: βal
β’ Example: HCHO β Methanal (Formaldehyde)
Detailed Explanation
Aldehydes are organic compounds that contain a carbonyl functional group (C=O) at the end of the carbon chain. The functional group for aldehydes is represented as -CHO. When naming aldehydes using the IUPAC system, we identify the longest carbon chain that contains the -CHO group, and we use the suffix '-al' in the name. For example, HCHO is named methanal, commonly known as formaldehyde.
Examples & Analogies
Think of aldehydes like a street that ends with a 'C' for carbon in its name when adding it to your address. Just like a house on Main Street has 'Main' in the street name, aldehydes have '-al' at the end when you name them because their important functional group is at the end of the chain.
Key Concepts
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Aldehydes: Organic compounds with the -CHO functional group.
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Ketones: Compounds with a carbonyl group >C=O that is not terminal.
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Carboxylic Acids: Compounds containing both a carbonyl and a hydroxyl group, -COOH.
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IUPAC Naming: Systematic naming of organic compounds.
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Functional Groups: Specific groupings responsible for molecular behavior.
Examples & Applications
Methanal (HCHO) represents an aldehyde example.
Propanone (CH3COCH3) is an example of a ketone.
Ethanoic acid (CH3COOH) exemplifies a carboxylic acid.
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Rhymes
Aldehydes are at the end, it's -CHO that they send.
Stories
Once there was a family of aldehydes living at the end of their street, with the carbonyl group always in sight and their suffix -al to keep things bright.
Memory Tools
For ketones, remember: K is for Carbonyl that's hidden, calling it β-one,' thatβs how itβs bidden!
Acronyms
Remember 'CAR' for Carboxylic acid
for Carbonyl
for Acidic nature
for -COOH.
Flash Cards
Glossary
- Aldehyde
An organic compound containing a functional group with the structure βCHO.
- Ketone
An organic compound characterized by the presence of the carbonyl functional group within the carbon chain.
- Carboxylic Acid
An organic compound that contains a carboxyl functional group (-COOH).
- IUPAC Naming
A systematic method of naming organic chemical compounds established by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry.
- Functional Group
A specific grouping of atoms within a molecule that is responsible for the chemical properties of that molecule.
Aldehydes
- Functional Group: -CHO
- IUPAC Name: Alkanal (suffix: -al). The name is based on the longest carbon chain that contains the -CHO group.
- Example: Methanal (HCHO) is the systematic name for formaldehyde.
Ketones
- Functional Group: >C=O (not located on terminal carbon).
- IUPAC Name: Alkanone (suffix: -one). Naming is based on the longest carbon chain containing the carbonyl carbon.
- Example: Propanone (CH3COCH3) is commonly known as acetone.
Carboxylic Acids
- Functional Group: -COOH
- IUPAC Name: Alcanoic acid (suffix: -oic acid). The naming is again from the longest carbon chain containing the -COOH group.
- Example: Ethanoic acid (CH3COOH) is also referred to as acetic acid.
These principles of nomenclature and structure not only aid in the identification of these compounds but are also foundational for understanding their reactivity and synthesis in organic chemistry.
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