Examples - 1.2.3.1 | Chapter 14: Biomolecules | ICSE Class 12 Chemistry
K12 Students

Academics

AI-Powered learning for Grades 8–12, aligned with major Indian and international curricula.

Academics
Professionals

Professional Courses

Industry-relevant training in Business, Technology, and Design to help professionals and graduates upskill for real-world careers.

Professional Courses
Games

Interactive Games

Fun, engaging games to boost memory, math fluency, typing speed, and English skillsβ€”perfect for learners of all ages.

games

Interactive Audio Lesson

Listen to a student-teacher conversation explaining the topic in a relatable way.

Carbohydrates

Unlock Audio Lesson

Signup and Enroll to the course for listening the Audio Lesson

0:00
Teacher
Teacher

Today, we are diving into carbohydrates. Can anyone tell me how we classify carbohydrates?

Student 1
Student 1

Are they classified into types like single sugars and complex sugars?

Teacher
Teacher

Exactly! Carbohydrates are classified based on their hydrolysis behavior into monosaccharides, oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides. Can you name examples of these?

Student 2
Student 2

Monosaccharides are glucose, oligosaccharides include sucrose, and polysaccharides are starch!

Teacher
Teacher

Great job! Remember, carbohydrates are our key energy sources. Think of 'CHO', where C stands for carbon, H for hydrogen, and O for oxygen, the essential elements in carbohydrates.

Student 3
Student 3

What about their structure, like glucose?

Teacher
Teacher

Good question! Glucose is primarily in a cyclic form and can show mutarotation. Always think of it as a 'hexagon' for its six carbon atoms, which simplifies remembering its structure.

Student 4
Student 4

How do carbs affect energy production?

Teacher
Teacher

Carbs are broken down to glucose, which is vital for cellular respiration. They fuel our body's activities! Let's summarize: Carbohydrates are classified into monosaccharides, oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides, and they play a crucial role in energy production.

Proteins and Enzymes

Unlock Audio Lesson

Signup and Enroll to the course for listening the Audio Lesson

0:00
Teacher
Teacher

Next, let's explore proteins. Can someone define what proteins are?

Student 1
Student 1

I know they are made up of amino acids!

Teacher
Teacher

Correct! Proteins are polymers formed by amino acids through peptide bonds. What are the different structures of proteins?

Student 2
Student 2

There’s primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structures.

Teacher
Teacher

Exactly! The primary structure is the linear sequence of amino acids, while the tertiary structure involves folding due to side chain interactions. Can anyone give examples of protein functions?

Student 3
Student 3

Enzymes speed up reactions!

Teacher
Teacher

Yes, enzymes are proteins that act as biological catalysts! They operate using models like the lock-and-key mechanism. Remember, enzymes require optimal temperature and pH to function efficiently.

Student 4
Student 4

Can denaturation change how enzymes work?

Teacher
Teacher

Absolutely! Denaturation affects the protein structure, thus its activity. In summary, proteins are essential for many biological functions and include enzymes that catalyze reactions optimally.

Vitamins and Nucleic Acids

Unlock Audio Lesson

Signup and Enroll to the course for listening the Audio Lesson

0:00
Teacher
Teacher

Let’s now discuss vitamins. Why do we need vitamins?

Student 1
Student 1

They help our bodies function properly, right?

Teacher
Teacher

Correct! Vitamins are organic compounds required in small amounts. They are classified into fat-soluble and water-soluble. Can anyone name a water-soluble vitamin and a deficiency disease?

Student 2
Student 2

Vitamin C! And scurvy?

Teacher
Teacher

Exactly! Scurvy results from vitamin C deficiency. Now, let's transition into nucleic acids. What are the main types?

Student 3
Student 3

DNA and RNA?

Teacher
Teacher

Right! DNA stores genetic information, while RNA helps in protein synthesis. What structures do they look like?

Student 4
Student 4

DNA has a double helix structure.

Teacher
Teacher

Exactly, and remember, nucleotides are the building blocks. In summary, vitamins assist in various bodily functions, while nucleic acids are crucial for genetic information storage and transfer.

Introduction & Overview

Read a summary of the section's main ideas. Choose from Basic, Medium, or Detailed.

Quick Overview

This section discusses the classification, structure, and significance of various biomolecules, including carbohydrates, proteins, enzymes, nucleic acids, and vitamins.

Standard

The section explores how biomolecules are essential for life processes, detailing the characteristics and functions of carbohydrates, proteins, enzymes, nucleic acids, vitamins, and hormones. Key classifications and examples are provided to illustrate their roles in biological systems.

Detailed

Examples of Biomolecules

Understanding biomolecules is crucial since they form life's building blocks and are involved in various biological processes. This section provides detailed classifications and roles of major biomolecules:

1. Carbohydrates

Carbohydrates are classified into monosaccharides, oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides. They serve as energy sources and structural components in cells. For example, glucose is a fundamental monosaccharide, while starch is a storage polysaccharide.

2. Proteins

Proteins are polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. They perform a wide range of functions including catalysis, structural support, and signaling. The structure of proteins is defined at four levels: primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary.

3. Enzymes

Enzymes, as biological catalysts, speed up chemical reactions. They are highly specific and function optimally under certain conditions. Understanding their mechanisms of action elucidates vital metabolic pathways.

4. Vitamins

Vitamins are organic compounds required in small amounts for normal bodily functions. They are classified into fat-soluble and water-soluble vitamins, with each having specific deficiency diseases.

5. Nucleic Acids

Nucleic acids like DNA and RNA play critical roles in genetic information storage and transfer. Their structure comprises nucleotides, which include a nitrogenous base, sugar, and phosphate group. The double helix structure of DNA is central to genetic functioning.

These biomolecules collectively contribute to the complexity of life, and understanding their roles allows deeper insight into biochemistry, medicine, and biotechnology.

Audio Book

Dive deep into the subject with an immersive audiobook experience.

Monosaccharides

Unlock Audio Book

Signup and Enroll to the course for listening the Audio Book

β€’ Simplest sugars with the general formula Cβ‚™(Hβ‚‚O)β‚™.
β€’ Classified as aldoses (with an aldehyde group) or ketoses (with a ketone group).

Examples:
β€’ Glucose (aldohexose)
β€’ Fructose (ketohexose)

Detailed Explanation

Monosaccharides are the most basic form of carbohydrates, consisting of single sugar units. Their general chemical formula is Cβ‚™(Hβ‚‚O)β‚™. They can be classified into two main types based on their structure: aldoses, which have an aldehyde group, and ketoses, which contain a ketone group. Important examples of monosaccharides include glucose, which is an aldohexose (meaning it has six carbon atoms and an aldehyde group) and fructose, which is a ketohexose (also with six carbon atoms but with a ketone group).

Examples & Analogies

Think of monosaccharides as the basic building bricks of a house. Just as you cannot build a house without bricks, living organisms cannot function without these simple sugars, which serve as energy sources. For instance, when you eat fruits like apples and oranges, you're consuming natural forms of glucose and fructose.

Disaccharides

Unlock Audio Book

Signup and Enroll to the course for listening the Audio Book

β€’ Formed by glycosidic linkage between two monosaccharide units.

Examples:
β€’ Sucrose = Glucose + Fructose
β€’ Lactose = Glucose + Galactose
β€’ Maltose = Glucose + Glucose

Detailed Explanation

Disaccharides are formed when two monosaccharide units join together through a chemical bond called a glycosidic linkage. This process can be thought of as a chemical handshake between two sugar units, creating a new type of sugar. Common examples include sucrose, which is table sugar made of one glucose and one fructose unit, lactose found in milk which consists of glucose and galactose, and maltose, which is two glucose units linked together.

Examples & Analogies

Disaccharides can be likened to a pair of friends joining hands to form a duo. For example, when you drink milk, you are taking in lactoseβ€”this β€˜duo’ gives you energy as your body breaks it down into its individual parts!

Polysaccharides

Unlock Audio Book

Signup and Enroll to the course for listening the Audio Book

β€’ Long chains of monosaccharide units.

Examples:
β€’ Starch – Storage carbohydrate in plants.
β€’ Cellulose – Structural component in plant cell walls.
β€’ Glycogen – Storage carbohydrate in animals.

Detailed Explanation

Polysaccharides are complex carbohydrates formed by long chains of monosaccharide units linked together. They serve various functions in living organisms. For instance, starch is a storage form of glucose in plants, providing energy when needed. Cellulose, another polysaccharide, is found in the cell walls of plants and gives them structure and strength. Glycogen is the storage form of glucose in animals, primarily stored in the liver and muscles, ready for quick energy during strenuous activities.

Examples & Analogies

Consider polysaccharides as packed lunchboxes holding multiple sandwiches (the monosaccharide units). Starch acts like a pantry stocked with energy-dense lunchboxes for plants, while cellulose serves as the sturdy box those sandwiches are kept in, preventing them from getting squished.

Definitions & Key Concepts

Learn essential terms and foundational ideas that form the basis of the topic.

Key Concepts

  • Biomolecules: Essential organic molecules for life.

  • Carbohydrates: Energy sources classified into mono-, oligo-, and polysaccharides.

  • Proteins: Polymers of amino acids performing various biological functions.

  • Enzymes: Biological catalysts that speed up reactions, specific to substrates.

  • Nucleic Acids: DNA and RNA serve as genetic material.

  • Vitamins: Essential nutrients required for normal body function.

Examples & Real-Life Applications

See how the concepts apply in real-world scenarios to understand their practical implications.

Examples

  • Glucose as a primary monosaccharide, essential in energy metabolism.

  • Starch serves as a storage polysaccharide in plants.

  • Hemoglobin as a protein that carries oxygen in blood.

  • Lactose as a disaccharide consisting of glucose and galactose.

Memory Aids

Use mnemonics, acronyms, or visual cues to help remember key information more easily.

🎡 Rhymes Time

  • To remember carbs, energy is what they bring,

πŸ“– Fascinating Stories

  • Imagine a brave hero named Glucose who rushes to rescue a fallen star (energy) from darkness. This represents how carbohydrates provide energy for our bodies.

🧠 Other Memory Gems

  • PEE: Proteins, Enzymes, Energy – to remember that proteins form enzymes which catalyze energy reactions.

🎯 Super Acronyms

TAP

  • Types of Biomolecules – Think of 'TAP' to remember Carbohydrates
  • Amino Acids (Proteins)
  • and Polymers (Nucleic Acids).

Flash Cards

Review key concepts with flashcards.

Glossary of Terms

Review the Definitions for terms.

  • Term: Biomolecules

    Definition:

    Organic molecules essential for life, including carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, and vitamins.

  • Term: Carbohydrates

    Definition:

    Organic compounds made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, serving as energy sources and structural components.

  • Term: Proteins

    Definition:

    Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds, essential for various biological functions.

  • Term: Enzymes

    Definition:

    Proteins that act as biological catalysts to speed up chemical reactions.

  • Term: Nucleic Acids

    Definition:

    Polymers of nucleotides that store and transfer genetic information.

  • Term: Vitamins

    Definition:

    Organic compounds required in small amounts for normal body functioning.