Carbohydrates

Carbohydrates are essential biomolecules classified as monosaccharides, oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides, playing crucial roles in energy storage and cellular structure.

Definition

Biomolecules are essential organic molecules necessary for life, classified into various categories including carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, and vitamins.

Classification

This section classifies biomolecules into key categories, including carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, vitamins, and hormones, highlighting their structures and functions.

Monosaccharides

Monosaccharides are the simplest form of carbohydrates and serve as essential building blocks in biology.

Examples

This section explains the different types of biomolecules, focusing on carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids.

Disaccharides

Disaccharides are carbohydrates formed from the glycosidic linkage of two monosaccharide units, serving essential roles in energy supply.

Examples

This section provides an overview and classification of biomolecules, focusing on carbohydrates, proteins, enzymes, vitamins, nucleic acids, and hormones.

Polysaccharides

Polysaccharides are complex carbohydrates formed from long chains of monosaccharides, acting as storage and structural elements in living organisms.

Examples

This section discusses the classification, structure, and significance of various biomolecules, including carbohydrates, proteins, enzymes, nucleic acids, and vitamins.

Proteins

Proteins are essential macromolecules composed of amino acids that perform various functions in living organisms.

Definition

Biomolecules are crucial organic molecules that form the building blocks of life, encompassing carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, and vitamins.

Structure Of Amino Acids

Amino acids are the fundamental building blocks of proteins, each with a unique structure comprising an amino group, carboxylic group, and varying side chains.

Classification Of Proteins

This section outlines the classification of proteins into simple, conjugated, and derived proteins based on their structure and components.

Simple Proteins

Simple proteins are polymers composed solely of amino acids linked by peptide bonds.

Conjugated Proteins

Conjugated proteins are complex proteins that contain non-protein components, known as prosthetic groups, which are essential for their biological function.

Derived Proteins

Derived proteins are obtained from simple or conjugated proteins through chemical changes, contributing essential functions in biological processes.

Levels Of Protein Structure

Proteins exhibit four distinct levels of structure: primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary, each essential for their function.

Primary Structure

Biomolecules are essential organic molecules that underpin all biological processes in living organisms.

Secondary Structure

The secondary structure of proteins refers to the local folded shapes resulting from hydrogen bonding between amino acids.

Tertiary Structure

The tertiary structure refers to the three-dimensional folding of proteins, which is critical to their function.

Quaternary Structure

Quaternary structure refers to the assembly of multiple polypeptide chains into a single functional protein.

Denaturation Of Proteins

Denaturation of proteins refers to the loss of their biological activity due to structural changes.

Enzymes

Enzymes are biological catalysts made of proteins that facilitate biochemical reactions by forming an enzyme-substrate complex.

Definition

Biomolecules are organic molecules essential for life, playing crucial roles in various biological processes.

Mechanism Of Action

The mechanism of action describes how enzymes function as biological catalysts, following models such as the lock-and-key and induced-fit models to facilitate biochemical reactions.

Vitamins

Vitamins are organic compounds required in small amounts for normal body functioning, classified into fat-soluble and water-soluble categories.

Definition

Biomolecules are essential organic molecules that form the building blocks of life, including carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, and vitamins.

Classification

Classification of biomolecules involves categorizing them based on their structure and function.

Fat-Soluble

Fat-soluble vitamins are essential organic compounds that are stored in the body's fatty tissues and liver.

Water-Soluble

This section explains water-soluble vitamins, their importance, and the consequences of deficiencies.

Deficiency Diseases

Deficiency diseases are illnesses that occur due to the lack of essential vitamins in the diet.

Nucleic Acids

Nucleic acids, including DNA and RNA, are polymers of nucleotides crucial for storing and transferring genetic information.

Definition

This section defines biomolecules and outlines the types and classifications of carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids, vitamins, and hormones, emphasizing their biological importance.

Types

This section discusses the various types of biomolecules critical for life, including carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, vitamins, nucleic acids, and hormones.

Dna

DNA is a crucial biomolecule that stores and transfers genetic information.

Rna

RNA, or ribonucleic acid, is a crucial biomolecule involved in genetic coding and protein synthesis in living organisms.

Structure Of Nucleotides

Nucleotides are the basic building blocks of nucleic acids, consisting of a nitrogenous base, a pentose sugar, and a phosphate group.

Double Helix Structure Of Dna

The double helix structure of DNA, proposed by Watson and Crick, features two strands held together by hydrogen bonds, essential for genetic information storage.

Hormones

Hormones are organic compounds produced by endocrine glands that regulate various physiological processes in the body.

Lipids

Lipids are essential biomolecules that include fats, oils, and waxes, largely involved in energy storage and forming cell membranes.

Summary

Biomolecules are essential organic molecules necessary for life, crucial for understanding biological processes.