The D-Block Elements (Transition Elements)

The d-block elements, known as transition metals, are characterized by their unique properties stemming from partially filled d orbitals.

Position In The Periodic Table

The d-block elements, found in groups 3 to 12 of the periodic table, have unique properties due to their partially filled d-orbitals.

Electronic Configuration

Electronic configuration describes how electrons are arranged within an atom, particularly for d-block elements characterized by their partially filled d orbitals.

General Characteristics

The general characteristics of d-block elements include their variable oxidation states, colored compounds, and catalytic properties.

Trends In Properties Of D-Block Elements

This section discusses the trends in properties of d-block elements, including atomic sizes, ionization enthalpy, oxidation states, and magnetic properties.

Atomic And Ionic Sizes

This section focuses on the trends in atomic and ionic sizes of the d-block elements, noting the slight decrease across periods and the increase down groups.

Ionisation Enthalpy

Ionisation enthalpy is generally high for d-block elements and increases across a period, with some irregularities due to the stability of half-filled and fully-filled d orbitals.

Oxidation States

This section discusses oxidation states of d-block elements, highlighting their variable oxidation states and examples from several transition metals.

Magnetic Properties

The magnetic properties of transition metals are determined by the presence of unpaired electrons in their d-orbitals.

Formation Of Complexes

This section discusses how transition metals form complexes with ligands, focusing on typical coordination numbers and the types of ligands involved.

Important Compounds Of Transition Metals

This section focuses on significant compounds of transition metals, specifically potassium dichromate and potassium permanganate, highlighting their properties and uses.

Potassium Dichromate (K₂cr₂o₇)

Potassium dichromate is an orange-red compound used as a strong oxidizing agent, characterized by chromium in the +6 oxidation state.

Potassium Permanganate (Kmno₄)

Potassium permanganate (KMnO₄) is a deep purple compound notable for its strong oxidizing properties and versatility in various chemical reactions.

The F-Block Elements (Inner Transition Elements)

The f-block elements, including lanthanoids and actinoids, are characterized by the filling of f-orbitals and possess unique properties including variable oxidation states and radioactivity.

Lanthanoids (4f-Series)

Lanthanoids are a series of 15 elements with unique properties, significant in various fields, characterized mainly by their +3 oxidation state and the phenomenon of lanthanide contraction.

Actinoids (5f-Series)

The actinoids are a series of 15 elements from thorium (Th, atomic number 90) to lawrencium (Lr, atomic number 103), characterized by the filling of the 5f orbitals and notable for their radioactivity and complex chemistry.

Comparison Of Lanthanoids And Actinoids

This section compares the key properties of lanthanoids and actinoids, highlighting differences in electron configuration, oxidation states, reactivity, and complex formation.

Uses Of D- And F-Block Elements

d- and f-block elements are utilized in various applications, including catalysis, alloy production, and as nuclear fuels.

Summary

The chapter discusses the unique properties and significance of d- and f-block elements in the periodic table.